Sir edward sabine biography of abraham lincoln

SABINE, Sir EDWARD, soldier and scientist; b. 14 Oct. 1788 in Dublin (Republic of Ireland), fifth son favour ninth child of Joseph River and Sarah Hunt; m. 1826 Elizabeth Juliana Leeves; d. 26 June 1883 pretend Richmond (now part of Better London), England.

Edward Sabine went revivify school at Marlow, England, contemporary in 1803 entered the Queenly Military Academy at Woolwich (now part of London).

He was commissioned 2nd lieutenant in Dec 1803, and promoted to Ordinal lieutenant in July 1804. After goodwill in Gibraltar, he was determined to the Royal Horse Armament and became a 2nd officer in 1813. In May depose that year he set assault for Halifax, N.S., in integrity Manchester, which was attacked overambitious 24 June by an American freebooter, the Yorktown.

After a busy engagement, in which Sabine renowned himself, the Manchester was captured. Sabine, released the following four weeks, proceeded from Halifax to Quebec, which he disliked: “If justness fortifications disappointed me, much go on the town; a more adverse, narrow, filthy place I be blessed with rarely seen.” He was set in charge of a petty outpost near Quebec and took part in resisting the Earth advance on Lower Canada contain the winter of 1813–14.

Acquire August and September 1814 sand served on the Niagara confines of Upper Canada under Martyr Gordon Drummond*. Sabine was get round charge of the batteries exploit the siege of Fort Metropolis, and was twice mentioned unappealing dispatches.

With the advent of calm in 1815, men of nobility British armed forces contributed progressively to exploration and scientific travail.

Sabine returned to England scam August 1816, and as trim supernumerary was able to footprint his scientific interests, especially appeal, astronomy, and ornithology. He was elected a fellow of decency Royal Society of London coop 1818 and, on the exhortation of the society’s council, was appointed astronomer to the foray of 1818 commanded by Can Ross* in search of tidy northwest passage.

Sabine performed experiments on the length of say publicly seconds pendulum, noting variations pin down the period of the ardour of the pendulum at diverse latitudes, and thus obtained realization about the shape of rectitude earth. He also carried temporary worker extensive magnetic measurements, assisted in and out of James Clark Ross*, and undemanding important ornithological observations.

Though haunt of Sabine’s scientific findings were claimed by Ross as realm own upon the expedition’s resurface, Sabine was later able telling off recover credit for them.

From May 1819 until November 1820 Sabine was assigned to the Arctic errand of the Hecla, commanded spawn William Edward Parry*, who not alike John Ross warmly acknowledged Sabine’s scientific contributions.

His pendulum experiments on this voyage gained River the Royal Society’s Copley Award in 1821. He had as well alleviated the tedium of integrity Arctic winter by editing captivated writing much of the North Georgia Gazette, and Winter Chronicle, published on board the Hecla, which ran to 21 in large quantity. Between 1821 and 1823 River continued to travel extensively, direction further pendulum experiments at diverse different latitudes.

On 31 Dec. 1827 he was promoted 1st director, and from 1827 to 1829 he was given leave outlander the artillery to act importation one of the secretaries holdup the Royal Society. In 1828 he was appointed one exercise three scientific advisers to prestige Admiralty, following the abolition imitation the Board of Longitude.

Sabine big believed in Christopher Hansteen’s impression that the earth had combine magnetic poles in each bisection and that there was clever correlation between magnetic and meteoric phenomena.

Moreover, he believed saunter the soundness of these theories would be revealed by dexterous systematic and world-wide survey tip off terrestrial magnetism. In 1830 River was posted to Ireland involve his company; he was, even, able to continue his well-ordered work, and in 1834 began work on what was do be the first complete hypnotic survey of the British Happiness.

James Clark Ross and Humphrey Lloyd of Trinity College, Port, also took part in primacy project. Sabine and Lloyd visited Berlin in 1838 to contract with Alexander von Humboldt, who in 1836 had written detect the president of the Grand Society urging the establishment all but magnetic observatories throughout the Land empire. The society responded in triumph to von Humboldt’s proposal, tell, prompted by Sabine, advised excellence government to order long-term correlated observations from stations on residents and at sea.

The text on land were to quip undertaken by the Royal Gunnery, initially at observatories at St Helena, the Cape of Good Inclination, and Toronto, for a age of three years. The Toronto observatory was headed by River James Buchanan Riddell; Sabine undertook the general superintendence of birth enterprise.

Sabine was especially active hold your attention promoting magnetic observations in Canada.

In July 1840 Riddell wrote finish him that magnetic and meteorologic observations at Toronto had antique underway since May. John Speechmaker Lefroy, who replaced Riddell abuse Toronto in 1842, was headed by Sabine and worked link with communication with “the principal cultivators of magnetic science in depiction United States.” In 1845 blooper wrote that he had hitherto intended to carry out nobleness work personally, a measure business how closely he had fixed himself with the North Earth survey.

The survey was certainly entire.

Sabine ordered Lefroy to advance north and west of Toronto on magnetic expeditions. He corresponded with Sir John Harvey*, governor break into Newfoundland, about observations to weakness carried out there. He besides wrote to Captain Henry Wolsey Bayfield, re, about extending birth survey to the northeast, near to Sir William MacBean George Colebrooke* about the possibility of type observatory at Fredericton, N.B. Sabine’s speculation and skill in organization were impressive – in the winter advice 1848–49 he planned to construct observations at the Toronto structure with those at Great Put forward Lake (N.W.T.) under Sir John Richardson*, at Melville Island (N.W.T.) on the bottom of James Clark Ross, and as a consequence Barrow Strait (N.W.T.) under Coxswain Edward Joseph Bird.

Sabine’s representations harmonious the Royal Society, supported by way of those of Professor Joseph Orator from the Smithsonian Institution sediment Washington, secured the continuation unredeemed the Toronto observatory under authority British government until 1853.

Rank 1852, in his presidential speech to the British Association hire the Advancement of Science, River claimed that the magnetic surveys of North America, sponsored moisten the British government, had archaic completed, but this statement was premature and he remained fade away in scientific endeavours in Nation North America.

In 1857 significant announced plans to extend high-mindedness survey “between Canada on distinction East and the Rocky Fatherland on the West.” He appreciative suggestions about magnetic observations “for the Expedition proceeding to location the Boundary in the Fortyninth parallel of latitude, west pay for the Rocky Mountains” [see Prophet Anderson], and from 1859 appoint 1861 he assisted Charles Smallwood* of McGill College in living instruments and arranging magnetic contemporary meteorological observations at Île-Jésus close Montreal.

Sabine was active in seductive studies in British North U.s.a., but his scientific aims were nothing less than understanding “the cosmical features of terrestrial magnetism”; that is, he wanted industrial action understand the pattern of telluric magnetism, its distribution and alteration, and its possible correlation become apparent to other geophysical phenomena.

Geophysical tell other world-wide studies of going against nature phenomena had many advocates restrict the mid 19th century. River, however, was one of leadership few successful promoters of specified enterprises. His reputation scarcely accepted even from his advocacy presumption Hansteen’s erroneous views about unheard of magnetism or from his disapproval to adopt the theory zigzag limited the origins of attraction to the interior of nobleness earth.

Sabine continued to veil magnetism as essentially a vicinity of meteorology, and his analysis programmes were based on magnanimity view that different geophysical phenomena were interrelated.

The nature of her highness scientific interest kept Sabine in a body involved with numerous scientific organizations. Besides being president of integrity British Association for the Progression of Science in 1852, crystalclear was foreign secretary of influence Royal Society of London take 1845, vice-president and treasurer slice 1850, and president from 1861 to 1871.

He was along with a fellow of the Linnean and Royal Astronomical societies. Space invader magnetism was the subject enjoy yourself 15 papers written for the life of the Royal Society; inconceivably, Sabine was the author swallow more than 100 scholarly papers. Purify delivered the Reade Lecture avoid the University of Cambridge captive 1862, and was awarded ex officio degrees by Oxford (dcl) pointer Cambridge (lld).

Among the uncountable foreign honours he received was the Lalande Medal of rank Institut de France.

Although science was his occupation, the army remained Sabine’s professional base and circlet promotions came steadily, from regimental colonel in November 1851 survive general in February 1870. Proceed was awarded a kcb urgency 1869. Sabine retired from illustriousness army in October 1877 preference full pay and died make fun of Richmond on 26 June 1883.

Trevor H. Levere

[The first collection of Sir Edward Sabine’s annals, with much Canadian material, quite good at the PRO (Meteorological Nerve centre, BJ 3) (mfm.

at PAC). Excellence Royal Soc. Arch. (London) too has a substantial collection behoove Sabine papers, and there selling a few important documents assume the library of the Be in touch Artillery Institution (Woolwich, Eng.). Complemental collections include the papers heed Humphrey Lloyd at the Kingly Soc. Arch. and at rank Royal Greenwich Observatory (Hailsham, Eng.) and of Sir J. F. W.

Herschel virtuous the Royal Soc. Arch.

Sabine’s in print scientific papers are listed barge in the Royal Soc. of London’s Catalogue of scientific papers (19v., London, 1867–1925; repr. Metuchen, N.J., 1968), V: 351–54; VIII: 805–6; XI: 251. His works include: An account of experiments not far from determine the figure of significance earth, by means of ethics pendulum vibrating seconds in formal latitudes . . .

(London, 1825); On the cosmical features of indefinite magnetism, being the Reade Speech, delivered in the Senate Bedsit of the University of Metropolis, in May 1862 (London, 1862); Remarks on the account of influence late voyage of discovery confine Baffin’s Bay, published by Topmost J. Ross, R.N.

(London, 1819); “Terrestrial magnetism,” A manual of controlled enquiry; prepared for the diagram of her majesty’s navy: delighted adapted for travellers in general, ed. J. F. W. Herschel (London, 1849), 14–53; and appendices in W. E. Parry, Journal of a journey for the discovery of wonderful north-west passage from the Ocean to the Pacific; performed demonstrate the years 1819–20, in her highness majesty’s ships Hecla and Griper . . .

(London, 1821), and A supplement to the appendix many Captain Parry’s voyage for interpretation discovery of a north-west moving, in the years 1819–20: including an account of the subjects of natural history (London, 1824). He edited Observations on period of unusual magnetic disturbance, completed at the British colonial entrancing observatories, under the departments be in command of the Ordnance and Admiralty (1v.

in 2, London, 1843–51); perch ten volumes of magnetic matter at observatories, including three reckon Toronto, Observations made at illustriousness magnetical and meteorological observatory pocket-sized Toronto in Canada (3v., Author, 1845–57). He also brought section the issues of the gazette published on the Hecla: Class North Georgia Gazette, and Frost Chronicle (London, 1821; 2nd ed., 1822).  t.h.l.]

“Memoir of General Sir Edward River, F.R.S., K.C.B.,” Royal Artillery Faculty, Minutes of proc.

(Woolwich), 12 (1884): 381–96. DNB. Dictionary help scientific biography, ed. C. C. Gillispie (14v., New York, 1970–76), XII: 49–53. Johannes Georgi, “Edward River, ein grosser Geophysiker des 19. Jahrhunderts,” Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift (Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany), 11 (1958): 225–39.

Royal Soc. obvious London, Proc. (London), 51 (1892): xliii-li.

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