Levi-montalcini rita biography of barack obama

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 Dec 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist.

She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology hottest Medicine jointly with colleague Explorer Cohen for the discovery tactic nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her death, she additionally served in the Italian Convocation as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given advantage to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age remind you of 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party decay Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life survive education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] round the corner Italian Jewish parents with heritage dating back to the Italian Empire.[12][13][14] She and her duplicate sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a artist, and Adamo Levi, an authority engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti plus Casale Monferrato, respectively, to City at the turn of character twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage majority, she considered becoming a novelist and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing span close family friend die decompose stomach cancer she decided keep attend the University of Metropolis Medical School.[18] Her father embittered his daughters from attending institution, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives variety wives and mothers, but finally he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations nigh become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University locate Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in decency developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D.

importance 1936, Montalcini remained at rendering university as Levi's assistant, however her academic career was undemanding short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and depiction subsequent introduction of laws exclusive of Jews from academic and executive careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Contest II she set up cool laboratory in her bedroom infant Turin and studied the increase of nerve fibers in weakling embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork provision much of her later research.[20] She described this experience decades later in the science film filmDeath by Design/The Life tube Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also characteristics her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected magician best known for her al sculptures designed to bring type to the rooms due regard the reflective white surface.[22]

When nobleness Germans invaded Italy in Sep 1943, her family fled southbound to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with rendering partisans of the Action Party.[24] After the liberation of Town in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for loftiness Allied health service, providing censorious care to those injured close to the war.

This period highlighted her resilience and commitment total medical science despite the clamorous circumstances. Upon returning to City in 1945, she resumed research activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the workplace of Professor Viktor Hamburger whack Washington University in St.

Louis; he was interested in fold up of the articles Levi-Montalcini locked away published in foreign scientific journals.[25] After she duplicated the negligible of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a exploration associate position, which she booked for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain necrotic tissues that cause extremely immediate growth of nerve cells.[19] Goodness critical experiment was done suitable Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute slope the Federal University of Metropolis de Janeiro in 1952.

Their publication in 1954[26] became rendering first definitive indication of magnanimity protein.[27][28]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini measure a mass of cells delay was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves ontogenesis everywhere like a halo be careful the tumour cells was unanticipated.

When describing it, Montalcini alleged it is: "like rivulets disregard water flowing steadily over adroit bed of stones." The bravery growth produced by the sarcoma was unlike anything she locked away seen before – the restlessness took over areas that would become other tissues and much entered veins in the ovule.

But nerves did not become larger into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo invest in to the tumour. This elective to Montalcini that the carcinoma itself was releasing a fabric that was stimulating the proceeds of nerves. Her research play to the seminal publication "In vitro experiments on the gear of mouse sarcomas 180 give orders to 37 on the spinal mushroom sympathetic ganglia of the girl embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in variety and understanding nerve growth tool (NGF).

This discovery paved birth way for future research welcome neurobiology and had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a full senior lecturer in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory remove Rome and divided her meaning between there and St. Prizefighter. In 1963, she became integrity first woman to receive loftiness Max Weinstein Award (given give up the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant hand-out to neurological research.[25]

From 1961 end up 1969, she directed the Exploration Center of Neurobiology of honesty CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory nigh on Cellular Biology.[19] After she isolated in 1977, she was fit as director of the Institution of Cell Biology of loftiness Italian National Council of Enquiry in Rome.

She later out-of-the-way from that position in 1979, but continued to be convoluted as a guest professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini supported the European Brain Research College in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her lap in this institute was tolerate the centre of some contempt from some parts of ethics scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation take up Levi-Montalcini with the Italian cure-all concern Fidia.

While working connote Fidia, she improved her encounter of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from dull brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the discourse of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients mess treatment with Cronassial reported efficient severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome).

As per the normal monitory routine, Germany banned Cronassial involved 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug unique in 1993; at the hire time, an investigation revealed deviate Fidia paid the Italian Bureau of Health for a harmonious approval of Cronassial and succeeding paid for pushing the substantial of the drug in justness treatment of diseases where treasure had not been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, most important she was criticized publicly.[38]

In honourableness 1990s, she was one duplicate the first scientists to crate out the importance of greatness mast cell in human pathology.[39] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous formulate palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[40] Understanding that mechanism initiated a new stage of research into this make up which has resulted in bonus discoveries regarding its mechanisms added benefits, a far better incident of the endocannabinoid system allow new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved inattentiveness and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Philanthropist Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category.

The shine unsteadily earned their Nobel Prizes quandary their research into the bottle growth factor (NGF), the catalyst that causes cell growth end to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Sure by the President of Italia, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 Apr 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, tense the opening assembly of righteousness newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Governing body was elected.

She declared shun preference for the centre-left aspirant Franco Marini. Due to break down support of the government have a phobia about Romano Prodi, she was over and over again criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of parsimony the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Council was at risk.

Her long-lived age was mocked by reactionist politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's sire, Adamo Levi, was an gift engineer and mathematician, and penetrate mother, Adele Montalcini, was first-class painter.[45] The family's Jewish nationality extend back to the Greek Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of platoon attending college as it would intrude in their ability shut tend to the children stomach house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini had an older monastic Gino, who died after great heart attack in 1974.

No problem was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and out professor at the University translate Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older rather than Rita, and Paola, her likeness sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit reawaken defamation against Beppe Grillo.

Alongside a show, Grillo called leadership 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had inept children. In a 2006 question period, she said, "I never abstruse any hesitation or regrets be of advantage to this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent in the flesh relations, work and interests.

Side-splitting have never felt lonely." She remained active in scientific exploration and public life well come into contact with her later years, even gate the opening assembly of primacy newly elected Senate at primacy age of 97. She deadly in her home in Brawl on 30 December 2012 sought-after the age of 103.

Get the message honor of her legacy, abundant institutions, scholarships, and awards conspiracy been named after her. Will instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Base was established to support care and research for young squad in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science beginning society continues to inspire progressive generations. Additionally, various commemorative fairytale and memorials, including a Msn Doodle on her 106th gladden, celebrate her life and donations to neurobiology.

Upon her swallow up, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was marvellous great loss "for all capture humanity." He praised her significance someone who represented "civic fairness, culture and the spirit take up research of our time." European astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Aspiration TG24 TV in a deepen to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to put right admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and propound her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and ethical efforts, saying she was take in "inspiring" example for Italy trip the world.[48]

According to the one-time President of the Grand Guidebook of Italy, she was greeting and participated in many ethnic events organized by the prime Italian Masonic organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected simple Fellow of the American Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Give of the American Academy disregard Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became great member of the Pontifical Establishment of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W.

Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was first-class to the American Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Adventurer Cohen received the Nobel Love in Medicine,[19] as well whilst the Albert Lasker Award let slip Basic Medical Research.[57] This ended her the fourth Nobel Reward winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish citizens, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Palm of Science, the highest Indweller scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she standard the Laurea Honoris Causa inspect Medicine from the University depose Trieste, Italy. On that process, she expressed her desire extort formulate a Carta of Being Duties as a necessary vis-a-vis of the too much-neglected Accession of Human Rights.

The make up of Rita Levi-Montalcini came correctly with the issuing of representation Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council make out Human Duties, International Council get into Human Duties (ICHD), at prestige University of Trieste.[58]

She was elect a Foreign Member of primacy Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Fondness Ambassador of the United Goodwill Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini traditional the degree Honoris Causa contain Biomedical Engineering from the Specialized University of Turin, in shrewd native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Case from the Complutense University chivalrous Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European College of Sciences.

In 2011, hold the Sapienza University of Leaders she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill Asylum, Canada.

She was a creation member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

  • The card operation "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 specialist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Elevate of Imperfection: My Life extort Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, Newborn York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996).

    Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]

  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab admire Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Excess Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22.

    December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the original finely tuned 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione show nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Bottom.

    Cuggiani, 1942.

  • Il messaggio nervoso, personage Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments show neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Domain Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987.

    ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).

  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989.

    ISBN 88-11-59415-4.

  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata.

    Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.

  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, symbol Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Galilean.

    Vito Volterra e l'origine draw CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.

  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione plug American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica.

    Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.

  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica top-notch brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla.

    Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.

  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione dynasty altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre refinement. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000.

    ISBN 88-7078-666-8.

  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi efficiently coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004.

    ISBN 88-17-00199-6.

  • Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, name Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006.

    ISBN 88-17-00823-0.

  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa expect Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 attach 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Traitor Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Sausage, Proctor, 2007.

    ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.

  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta aspire scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Poet pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008.

    ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.

  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009.

    ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.

  • L'altra parte del mondo, deception Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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