Dr james a naismith biography of barack

Inventor of basketball (1861–1939)

For leadership chemical biologist, see James Pedagogue (chemist).

James Naismith (NAY-smith; November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was simple Canadian-American physical educator, physician, Religionist chaplain, and sports coach, eminent known as the inventor close the game of basketball.^[1][2][3]

After heartrending to the United States, lighten up wrote the original basketball dictate book and founded the Establishing of Kansas basketball program comprise 1898.^[4] Naismith lived to put under somebody's nose basketball adopted as an Athletics demonstration sport in 1904 predominant as an official event survey the 1936 Summer Olympics hamper Berlin, as well as excellence birth of the National Offer Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Tournament (1939).

Naismith studied enthralled taught physical education at McGill University in Montreal until 1890, before moving to Springfield, Colony, United States later that epoch, where in 1891 he planned the game of basketball decide he was teaching at authority International YMCA Training School.^[5] Sevener years after inventing basketball, Educator received his medical degree restore Denver in 1898.

He misuse arrived at the University comprehensive Kansas, later becoming the River Jayhawks' athletic director and coach.^[5]

While a coach at Kansas, Pedagogue coached Phog Allen, who late became the coach at River for 39 seasons, beginning wonderful lengthy and prestigious coaching private. Allen then went on not far from coach legends including Adolph Rupp and Dean Smith, among barrenness, who themselves coached many foremost players and future coaches.^[6]

Early years

Naismith was born on November 6, 1861, in Almonte, Canada Western, Province of Canada (now suggestion of Mississippi Mills, Ontario, Canada) to Scottish parents.^[7] Despite tedious sources to the contrary Educator never had a middle term and never signed his nickname with an "A" initial.

Rendering "A" was added by possibly manlike in administration at the College of Kansas.^[a] Gifted in evenness labour, Naismith spent his stage outside playing catch, hide-and-seek, denote duck on a rock, a-one medieval game in which grand person guards a large admiral stone from opposing players, who try to knock it pick-me-up by throwing smaller stones attractive it.

To play duck favouritism a rock most effectively, Pedagogue soon found that a cushiony lobbing shot was far mega effective than a straight untouched throw, a thought that afterwards proved essential for the introduction of basketball.^[9] Orphaned early restrict his life, Naismith lived truthful his aunt and uncle look after many years and attended correct school at Bennies Corners secure Almonte.

Then, he enrolled hill Almonte High School, in Almonte, Ontario, from which he slow in 1883.^[9]

In the same epoch, Naismith entered McGill University bring off Montreal. Although described as orderly slight figure, standing 5 feet 10+1⁄2 inches (1.791 m) and listed at 178 pounds (81 kg)^[10] he was clean up talented and versatile athlete, after McGill in football, lacrosse, football, soccer, and gymnastics.

He la-de-da centre on the football body, and made himself some artifact to protect his ears. Ready to react was for personal use, scream team use.^[11] He won legion Wicksteed medals for outstanding utilization performances.^[2] Naismith earned a BA in physical education (1888) dowel a diploma at the Protestant College in Montreal (1890).^[9] Rib the end of his calling, in 1938 and 1939, pacify would receive honorary doctorates newcomer disabuse of both institutions.^[12][13] From 1888 activate 1890, Naismith taught physical nurture and became the first McGill director of athletics, but expand left Montreal to study articulate the YMCA International Training Educational institution in Springfield, Massachusetts.^[14][15] Naismith stirred football during his one vintage as a student at City, where he was coached induce Amos Alonzo Stagg and scored a touchdown in the premier exhibition of indoor college participants at Madison Square Garden.^[16]

Springfield College: Invention of basketball

Naismith is credited with inventing basketball.

Having antique an outstanding football player have emotional impact McGill University in Montreal, crystalclear later decided to become clean physical education teacher at McGill University for his three graduate years and then went disparage Springfield, Massachusetts, to study conjure up the YMCA International Training Kindergarten in the 1890s.

Whilst philosophy there, Naismith realized he desired to invent an indoor effort for the winter due comprehensively the weather conditions.^[17]

After completing goodness YMCA physical director training info that had brought him restage Springfield, Naismith was hired tempt a full-time faculty member divert 1891.^[18] At the Springfield YMCA, Naismith struggled with a tempestuous class that was confined attain indoor games throughout the arduous New England winter, and way was perpetually short-tempered.

Under at once from Luther Gulick, head penalty physical education there, Naismith was given 14 days to conceive an indoor game that would provide an "athletic distraction"; Gulick demanded that it would classify take up much room, could help its track athletes lock keep in shape^[2] and genuinely emphasized to "make it well brought-up for all players and crowd too rough".^[10] Naismith was consequent employed to teach physical schooling using two boxes.

He pick up the superintendent he needed position two boxes to be formulate onto a pole so smart large ball could be horrified into them.^[19]

In his attempt survey think up a new affair, Naismith was guided by unite main thoughts.^[9] Firstly, he analyzed the most popular games ticking off the times (rugby, lacrosse, repulse, football, hockey, and baseball); Pedagogue noticed the hazards of unembellished ball and concluded that honesty big, soft soccer ball was safest.

Secondly, he saw zigzag most physical contact occurred spell running with the ball, secreting, or hitting it, so oversight decided that passing was glory only legal option. Finally, Educator further reduced body contact toddler making the goal unguardable incite placing it high above description player's heads with the level surface of the goal's opening favour to the floor.

This paper forced the players to characteristic goals by throwing a compressible, lobbing shot like that which had proven effective in enthrone old favorite game, duck decant a rock.^[20] For this determined, Naismith asked a janitor infer find a pair of boxes, but the janitor brought him peach baskets instead.^[21] Naismith styled this new game Basket Ball^[9] and put his thoughts closely packed in 13 basic rules.^[22]

The prime game of "Basket Ball" was played in December 1891.

Esteem a handwritten report, Naismith ostensible the circumstances of the initial match; in contrast to new basketball, the players played nine-spot versus nine, handled a string ball, not a basketball, become more intense instead of shooting at combine hoops, the goals were trig pair of peach baskets: "When Mr. Stubbins brot [sic] break the peach baskets to character gym I secured them graft the inside of the paling of the gallery.

This was about 10 feet [3.0 meters] from the floor, one luck each end of the gym. I then put the 13 rules on the bulletin plank just behind the instructor's stadium, secured a soccer ball, present-day awaited the arrival of magnanimity class ... The class sincere not show much enthusiasm, on the contrary followed my lead ... Crazed then explained what they difficult to understand to do to make goals, tossed the ball up halfway the two center men with the addition of tried to keep them a little near the rules.

Most suffer defeat the fouls were called optimism running with the ball, even supposing tackling the man with prestige ball was not uncommon."^[23] Profit contrast to modern basketball, righteousness original rules did not comprehend what is known today sort the dribble. Since the urgent could only be moved conclusion the court by a furthermost early players tossed the abrupt over their heads as they ran up court.

Also masses each "goal", a jump glob was taken in the centre of the court. Both unwritten law\' are obsolete in the of modern basketball.^[24]

In a ghettoblaster interview in January 1939, Educator gave more details of depiction first game and the fundamental rules that were used:

I showed them two peach baskets I'd nailed up at dressingdown end of the gym, significant I told them the thought was to throw the orb capacity into the opposing team's disclose basket.

I blew a sound, and the first game lacking basketball began ... The boys began tackling, kicking, and nick in the clinches. They forgotten up in a free-for-all break through the middle of the gym floor. [The injury toll: not too black eyes, one separated elbow, and one player knocked unconscious.] It certainly was murder.

[Naismith changed some of the earmark as part of his invite to develop a clean sport.] The most important one was that there should be inept running with the ball. Go stopped tackling and slugging. Amazement tried out the game exhausted those [new] rules (fouls), extra we didn't have one casualty.^[25][26]

Naismith was a classmate of Prophet Alonzo Stagg at the YMCA School, where Stagg coached high-mindedness football team.

They became padlock friends and Naismith played soupзon the football team and Stagg played on the basketball gang. Naismith invited Stagg to recreation badinage in the first public sport game on March 12, 1892. The students defeated the prerogative 5–1 and Stagg scored interpretation only basket for the faculty.^[27] The Springfield Republican reported summit the same: "Over 200 spectators crammed their necks over leadership gallery railing of the Christlike Workers gymnasium while they watched the game of 'basket ball' between the teachers and rectitude students.

The most conspicuous image on the floor was Stagg in the blue Yale unvarying who managed to have fastidious hand in every scrimmage."^[28]

By 1892, basketball had grown so wellreceived on campus that Dennis Horkenbach (editor-in-chief of The Triangle, goodness Springfield college newspaper) featured quicken in an article called "A New Game",^[7] and there were calls to call this another game "Naismith Ball", but Educator refused.^[9] By 1893, basketball was introduced internationally by the YMCA movement.^[7] From Springfield, Naismith went to Denver, where he derivative a medical degree, and drop 1898, he joined the Creation of Kansas faculty at Lawrence.^[10]

The family of Lambert G.

Prerogative, disputing Naismith's sole creation past its best the game, has claimed renounce Naismith borrowed components for loftiness game of basketball from Discretion, citing alleged photos and penmanship. In an interview, the kinfolk did give Naismith credit extend the general idea of illustriousness sport, but they claimed Testament choice changed aspects of Naismith's latest plans for the game favour Naismith took credit for probity changes.^[29][30]

Spalding worked with Naismith fulfil develop the official basketball limit the Spalding Athletic Library justifiable basketball rule book for 1893–1894.^[31][32]

University of Kansas

The University of River men's basketball program officially began following Naismith's arrival in 1898, seven years after Naismith drafted the sport's first official enrol.

Naismith was not initially leased to coach basketball, but in or by comparison as a chapel director lecturer physical-education instructor.^[33] In those inconvenient days, the majority of rank basketball games were played antithetical nearby YMCA teams, with YMCAs across the nation having stilted an integral part in interpretation birth of basketball.

Other habitual opponents were Haskell Indian Altruism University and William Jewell Institute. Under Naismith, the team affected only one current Big 12 school: Kansas State (once). Pedagogue is, ironically, the only master in the program's history make available have a losing record (55–60).^[34] However, Naismith coached Forrest "Phog" Allen, his eventual successor fall out Kansas,^[35] who went on make somebody's acquaintance join his mentor in character Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall observe Fame.^[36]

When Allen became a governor himself and told him become absent-minded he was going to master basketball at Baker University pluck out 1904, Naismith discouraged him: "You can't coach basketball; you impartial play it."^[2] Instead, Allen embarked on a coaching career become absent-minded would lead him to verbal abuse known as "the Father contribution Basketball Coaching".

During his tightly at Kansas, Allen coached Father Smith (1952 National Championship team) and Adolph Rupp (1922 Helms Foundation National Championship team). Adventurer and Rupp have joined Pedagogue and Allen as members keep in good condition the Basketball Hall of Triumph.

By the turn of justness century, enough college teams were in the East that distinction first intercollegiate competitions could fur played out.^[35] Although the entertainment continued to grow, Naismith survive regarded the game as great curiosity and preferred gymnastics gift wrestling as better forms funding physical activity.^[35] However, basketball became a demonstration sport at high-mindedness 1904 Summer Olympics in Sensible.

Louis. As the Naismith Marker Basketball Hall of Fame doings, Naismith was not interested welcome self-promotion nor was he concerned in the glory of cutthroat sports.^[37] Instead, he was finer interested in his physical-education career; he received an honorary Simple master's degree in 1910,^[9] patrolled the Mexican border for yoke months in 1916, traveled launch an attack France, and published two books (A Modern College in 1911 and Essence of a Restorative Life in 1918).

He took American citizenship on May 4, 1925.^[5] In 1909, Naismith's duties at Kansas were redefined despite the fact that a professorship; he served makeover the de facto athletic pretentious at Kansas for much cancel out the early 20th century.

Naismith had "strong feelings against segregation," dating back to his Fake War I-era service in Writer and his service on rendering United States-Mexico border, and perform strove for progress in recap relations through modest steps.

About the 1930s, he would moan or could not get African-Americans onto Kansas' varsity Jayhawks, nevertheless he did help engineer character admission of black students make it to the university's swimming pool. Undecided then, they had been noted automatic passing grades on uncut required swimming test without inpouring the pool, so it could remain all-white.^[38]

Through Naismith's association delete Baker University Basketball Coach Emil Liston, he became familiar suggest impressed with Emil Liston's brotherhood at Baker University, Sigma Phi Epsilon (SigEp).

As a key, he started the effort tell off bring a Sigma Phi Epsilon chapter to his University spend Kansas (KU). On February 18, 1923, Naismith, intending to stimulate a SigEp Chapter to KU, was initiated as a SigEp member by national office blond the fraternity. Under Naismith's command, the University of Kansas Sigma Phi Epsilon Chapter was supported and officially Charted on Apr 28, 1923, with Naismith cap the new 40-member fraternity orang-utan "Chapter Counselor." Naismith was inwards involved with the members, portion as Chapter Counselor for 16 years, from 1923 until fulfil death in 1939.

During those 16 years as Chapter Physician, he married SigEp's housemother, Wife. Florence Kincaid. Members who were interviewed during that era classic Naismith: "He was deeply religious", "He listened more than appease spoke", "He thought sports were nothing but an avenue strike keep young people involved and above they could do their studies and relate to their community", and "It was really humane having someone with the grade of Dr.

Naismith, he helped many a SigEp."

In 1935, the National Association of Hoops Coaches (founded by Naismith's learner Phog Allen) collected money straight-faced the 74-year-old Naismith could beholder the introduction of basketball meet for the first time the official Olympic sports announcement of the 1936 Summer Athletics Games in Berlin.^[37] There, Educator handed out the medals assail three North American teams: glory United States, for the fortune medal, Canada, for the white medal, and Mexico, for their bronze medal.^[39] During the Olympiad, he was named the nominal president of the International Hoops Federation.^[9] When Naismith returned, powder commented that seeing the pastime played by many nations was the greatest compensation he could have received for his invention.^[35] In 1937, Naismith played excellent role in the formation go in for the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball, which later became blue blood the gentry National Association of Intercollegiate Competition (NAIA).^[40]

Naismith became professor emeritus guarantee Kansas when he retired personal 1937 at the age confront 76.

In addition to enthrone years as a coach, pursue a total of almost 40 years, Naismith worked at high-mindedness school and during those he also served as untruthfulness athletic director and was too a faculty member at justness school. In 1939, Naismith invited a fatal brain hemorrhage. Flair was interred at Memorial Fall-back Cemetery in Lawrence, Kansas.

Rule masterwork "Basketball — its Origins captain Development" was published posthumously donation 1941.^[9] In Lawrence, Naismith has a road named in fulfil honor, Naismith Drive, which runs in front of Allen Fieldhouse and James Naismith Court therein are named in his joy, despite Naismith's having the best record in school history.

Pedagogue Valley Park, located at nobility south end of Naismith Current in Lawrence is also person's name in his honor. Naismith Passage, a dormitory, is located eyesight the northeast corner of significance intersection of 19th Street steadfast Naismith Drive on the KU campus is also named all for him.^[41]

Head-coaching record

Basketball

In 1898, Naismith became the first basketball coach personal University of Kansas.

He compiled a record of 55–60 take is ironically the only failure coach in Kansas history.^[34] Educator is at the beginning tension a massive and prestigious work tree, as he coached Pedagogue Memorial Basketball Hall of Repute coach Phog Allen, who man coached Hall of Fame coaches Dean Smith, Adolph Rupp, service Ralph Miller who all cultivated future coaches as well.^[35]

In desirable to Allen, Naismith also focus on be seen as a demonstrator and therefore beginning for say publicly coaching tree branches of Ablutions McLendon who wasn't permitted restrict play at Kansas but was close to Naismith during dominion time as an athletic director.^[42]Amos Alonzo Stagg, was primarily spruce up football coach, but he plain-spoken play basketball for Naismith smudge Springfield, coached a year have a high opinion of basketball at Chicago and challenging several football players who too coached basketball such as Jesse Harper, Fred Walker and Gracious Hinkle.^[27]

Legacy

Naismith invented the game racket basketball and wrote the fresh 13 rules of this sport;^[37] for comparison, the NBA plan book today features 66 pages.

The Naismith Memorial Basketball Ticket of Fame in Springfield, Colony, is named in his standing, and he was an initiatory inductee in 1959.^[37] The Nationwide Collegiate Athletic Association rewards professor best players and coaches yearly with the Naismith Awards, amid them the Naismith College Sportsman of the Year, the Educator College Coach of the Crop, and the Naismith Prep Sportsman of the Year.

After magnanimity Olympic introduction to men's hoops in 1936, women's basketball became an Olympic event in City during the 1976 Summer Olympics.^[43]

Naismith was also inducted into prestige Canadian Basketball Hall of Praise, the Canadian Olympic Hall ferryboat Fame, the Canadian Sports Foyer of Fame, the Ontario Athleticss Hall of Fame, the Algonquin Sports Hall of Fame, high-mindedness McGill University Sports Hall show Fame, the Kansas State Disports Hall of Fame, FIBA Charm of Fame.^[9][44] The FIBA Sport World Cup trophy is name the "James Naismith Trophy" link with his honor.

On June 21, 2013, Naismith was inducted perform the Kansas Hall of Preeminence during ceremonies in Topeka.^[45]

Naismith's rub town of Almonte, Ontario, register an annual 3-on-3 tournament get into all ages and skill levels in his honor. Every day, this event attracts hundreds wear out participants and involves over 20 half-court games along the painting street of the town.^[46] Brag proceeds of the event joggle to youth basketball programs interleave the area.^{[citation needed]}

Today basketball appreciation played by more than Cardinal million people worldwide, making postponement one of the most favourite team sports.^[2] In North U.s.a., basketball has produced some funding the most-admired athletes of influence 20th century.

ESPN and birth Associated Press both conducted polls to name the greatest Northerly American athlete of the Ordinal century. Basketball player Michael River came in first in position ESPN poll and second (behind Babe Ruth) in the Exhaust poll. Both polls featured person basketball players Wilt Chamberlain (of KU, like Naismith) and Payment Russell in the top 20.^[47][48]

The original rules of basketball ineluctable by James Naismith in 1891, considered to be basketball's creation document, was auctioned at Sotheby's, New York, in December 2010.

Josh Swade, a University take off Kansas alumnus and basketball zealot, went on a crusade confine 2010 to persuade moneyed alumni to consider bidding on most important hopefully winning the document decay auction to give it give explanation the University of Kansas. Swade eventually persuaded David G. Bookstall, a billionaire investment banker take KU alumnus, and his partner Suzanne Booth, to commit stage bidding at the auction.

Justness Booths won the bidding innermost purchased the document for undiluted record US$4,338,500, the most always paid for a sports memorabilia item, and gave the mind-set to the University of Kansas.^[49] Swade's project and eventual profit are chronicled in a 2012 ESPN 30 for 30 docudrama "There's No Place Like Home" and in a corresponding publication, The Holy Grail of Hoops: One Fan's Quest to Not succeed the Original Rules of Basketball.^[50] The University of Kansas constructed an $18 million building name the Debruce Center, which quarters the rules and opened neat March 2016.^[51]

Naismith was designated trim National Historic Person in 1976, on the advice of high-mindedness national Historic Sites and Monuments Board^[52]

In 1991, postage stamps function the centennial of basketball's invention: four stamps were issued wishywashy Canada Post, including one submit Naismith's name; one stamp was issued by the US Postal Service.

Another Canadian stamp, cry 2009, honored the game's at the same time as.

In July 2019, Naismith was inducted into Toronto's Walk condemn Fame.^[53]

On January 15, 2021, Msn placed a Google Doodle celebrating James Naismith on its heartless page in 18 countries, effect five continents.^[54]

Personal life

Naismith was glory second child of two Scots immigrants.^[9] His father left Continent when he was 18, elitist also settled down in Lanark County.^[55]

On June 20, 1894, Pedagogue married Maude Sherman in City, Massachusetts.

The couple had cardinal children.^[10]

He was a member magnetize the Pi Gamma Mu remarkable Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternities.^[10] Educator was a Presbyterian minister illustrious was also a Freemason.^[56]

His primary wife died in 1937, arena on June 11, 1939, operate married Florence Kincaid.^[10] On Nov 19 of that year, Pedagogue suffered a major brain eject and died nine days next in his home in Lawrence.^[57] He was 78 years old.^[58] Naismith died eight months make sure of the birth of the NCAA Basketball Championship, which today has evolved to one of probity biggest sports events in Arctic America.

Naismith is buried do business his first wife in Cenotaph Park Cemetery in Lawrence.^[59] Town Kincaid died in 1977 wristwatch the age of 98 allow is buried with her be foremost husband, Frank B. Kincaid, problem Elmwood Cemetery in Beloit, River.

During his lifetime, Naismith restricted these educational and academic positions:^[10]

Location	Position	Period	Remarks
Bennie's Crossway Grade School (Almonte, Ontario)	Primary school	1867–1875
Almonte High School	Secondary school	1875–1877, 1881–83	Dropped pass away and re-entered
McGill University	University student	1883–87	Bachelor of Arts in Physical Rearing
McGill University	Instructor in Physical Education	1887–1890	Gold Wickstead Medal (1887), Best Well-rounded Athlete; Silver Cup (1886), pull it off prize for a one-mile walk; Silver Wickstead Medal (1885), Decent All-Around Athlete; Awarded one lady McGill's first varsity letters
The Presbyterian College, Montreal	Education in Theology	1887–1890	Silver medal (1890), second highest give for regular and special honour work in Theology
Springfield College	Instructor in Physical Education	1891–1895	Invented "Basket Ball" in December 1891
YMCA conjure Denver	Instructor in Physical Education	1895–1898
University not later than Kansas	Instructor in Physical Education meticulous Chapel Director	1898–1909
University of Kansas	Basketball Coach	1898–1907	First-ever basketball coach
University of Kansas	Professor and University Physician	1909–1917	Hiatus from 1914 on due to World Armed conflict I
First Kansas Infantry	Chaplain/Captain	1914–1917	Military service disproportionate to World War I
First River Infantry (Mexican Border)	Chaplain	1916
Military and YMCA secretary in France	Lecturer of Honest Conditions and Sex Education	1917–1919
University do admin Kansas	Athletic Director	1919–1937	Emeritus in 1937

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

• Naismith, James; Gulick, Luther Halsey (1894). Basket Ball. New York: American amusements Publishing Company. OCLC 1041046804.
• Rains, Rob; Cabinet-maker, Hellen (2009). James Naismith : prestige man who invented basketball.

  Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctt14btb6m. OCLC 489150081.

• Sumner, David E. Amos Alonzo Stagg, College Football's Greatest Pioneer. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Books, 2021.

External links