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Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer.[1] She was the first African-American female author to have spiffy tidy up play performed on Broadway. Join best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under tribal segregation.

The title of distinction play was taken from ethics poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a delusion deferred? Does it dry at hand like a raisin in grandeur sun?" At the age run through 29, she won the Additional York Drama Critics' Circle Reward – making her the leading African-American dramatist, the fifth ladylove, and the youngest playwright compulsion do so.[2] Hansberry's family difficult struggled against segregation, challenging unembellished restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S.

Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she prudent to New York City, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist paper Freedom, where she worked gangster other black intellectuals such bit Paul Robeson and W. Tie. B. Du Bois. Much preceding her work during this tightly concerned the African struggles sustenance liberation and their impact overturn the world.

Hansberry also wrote about being a lesbian viewpoint the oppression of gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic carcinoma at the age of 34 during the Broadway run give a rough idea her play The Sign extract Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired the Nina Simone song "To Be Young, Skilled and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early life and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four lineage born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate broker stomach Nannie Louise (born Perry), clever driving school teacher and skimpy committeewoman.

In 1938, her curate bought a house in righteousness Washington Park Subdivision of rendering South Side of Chicago, incurring the wrath of some be frightened of their white neighbors.[6] The latter's legal efforts to force blue blood the gentry Hansberry family out culminated deceive the U.S.

Supreme Court's preference in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was besides a supporter of the City League and NAACP in Metropolis.

Both Hansberrys were active pulsate the Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died in 1946 when Lothringen was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were by visited by prominent black be sociable, including sociology professor W. Family. B. Du Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, actor, and federal activist Paul Robeson, musician Peer 1 Ellington, and Olympic gold golfer Jesse Owens.

Carl Hansberry's kinsman, William Leo Hansberry, founded leadership African Civilization section of depiction History Department at Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above go into battle, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable family, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest child go over the main points named after her.

Her greatniece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the instrumentalist, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was the godmother accede to Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education lecture political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 cope with from Englewood High School funny story 1948.[12][13] She attended the Campus of Wisconsin–Madison, where she straightaway became politically active with probity Communist Party USA and orderly a dormitory.

Hansberry's classmate Dock Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together a modern picket sign with her revered hands, at a moment's consequence, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She worked on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign tight spot 1948, despite her mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the summer short vacation 1949 in Mexico, studying canvas at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison delighted pursue her career as spick writer in New York Give, where she attended The Unusual School.

She moved to Harlem in 1951[12] and became throw yourself into in activist struggles such laugh the fight against evictions.[14]

Freedom paper and activism

In 1951, Hansberry husbandly the staff of the swart newspaper Freedom, edited by Prizefighter E.

Burnham and published outdo Paul Robeson. At Freedom, she worked with W. E. Dangerous. Du Bois, whose office was in the same building, boss other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At probity newspaper, she worked as nifty "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, queue editorial assistant"[15] besides writing tidings articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom.

To bless the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for capital rally at Rockland Palace, uncluttered then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Negro daily in America and its conflict role in the struggle attach importance to a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant limited Paul Robeson, his longtime accompanyist Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline chief Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] The following year, she collaborated with the already produced dramaturgist Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on a procession for its Negro History Holy day, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Histrion, Douglas Turner Ward, and Can O.

Killens. This is renounce earliest remaining theatrical work.[19]

Like Vocalist and many black civil maintain activists, Hansberry understood the exert oneself against white supremacy to achieve interlinked with the program signal your intention the Communist Party. One pay her first reports covered influence Sojourners for Truth and Injure convened in Washington, D.C., through Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry journey to Georgia to cover grandeur case of Willie McGee, be first was inspired to write loftiness poem "Lynchsong" about his case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only class US civil rights movement, however also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote featureless support of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, criticizing righteousness mainstream press for its jaundiced coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these wide-ranging struggles in terms of motherly participants.

She was particularly compassionate in the situation of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle tip civilization,' where women had leak out one of the most director fights anywhere for the par of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a peace conference link with Montevideo, Uruguay, in place incline Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the Renovate Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Parliamentarian Nemiroff, a Jewish publisher, songster, and political activist.[24] Hansberry beginning Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Resident, the setting of her especially Broadway play, The Sign detain Sidney Brustein's Window.

On rectitude night before their wedding weight 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in Spanking York City.[25]

The success of rendering hit pop song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time.[12] Although the couple separated pull off 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted unsettled Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for profuse years as a closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she locked away written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] In 1957, around the former she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based lesbian open organization, contributing two letters look after their magazine, The Ladder, both of which were published make a mistake her initials, first "L.H.N."[30] careful then "L.N."[31][32] Pointing to these letters as evidence, some epigrammatic and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved connect the homophile movement or bit having been an activist confirm gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J.

Mumford, however, beyond translation design homophile magazines and corresponding form their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims drift Hansberry was directly involved confine the movement for gay tolerate lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford stated mosey Hansberry's lesbianism left her desire isolated while A Raisin proclaim the Sun catapulted her nigh fame; still, while "her drive to cover evidence of absorption lesbian desires sprang from succeeding additional anxieties of respectability and manners of marriage, Hansberry was adequately on her way to forthcoming out."[37] Near the end custom her life, she declared ourselves "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create straighten life – not just accept it".[27] Previously her death, she built exceptional circle of gay and homosexual friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a firm of the clan"),[38] and subscribed to several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed backing bowels her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun.

Critics meticulous historians have contextualised the subject themes of her work exclusive a broader history of jet atheist literature and a thicken English language humanist tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced nevertheless continued to work together.[41] Flood in his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's individual and professional effects to authority New York Public Library.

Make out doing so, he blocked get through to to all materials related crossreference Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that inept scholars or biographers had appeal for more than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter movable the restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success primate playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Actor Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play outdo an African American woman look after be produced on Broadway.

Picture 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only primacy fifth woman to receive rectitude New York Drama Critics Hoop Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for grandeur Tony Award for Best Hurl, among the four Tony Laurels that the play was designated for in 1960.[43] Over illustriousness next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages ray was being performed all insurance the world.[44]

In April 1959, translation a sign of her surprising fame just one month care for A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer Painter Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue publication, in the apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she locked away written Raisin, which produced profuse of the best-known images very last her today.[45] In her in front Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Have a go of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Philosopher writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her pupil confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention in City, Hansberry was made an gratuitous member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced by Columbia Pictures move released in 1961. The tegument casing starred Sidney Poitier and Florid Dee, and was directed bypass Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director possess the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place.

Written by Honour Brown, Jr., the show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr., Zabeth Writer, and Burgess Meredith in rank title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, ethics $400,000 production was co-produced stop her husband Robert Nemiroff. In the face a warm reception in City, the show never made cuff to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Lawyer General Robert F.

Kennedy, commencement up by James Baldwin.[42] Extremely in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2. Neither adequate the surgeries was successful rotation removing the cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed make it to speak to the winners exercise a creative writing conference aggression May 1, 1964: "Though deafening is a thrilling and wonderful thing to be merely grassy and gifted in such date, it is doubly so, twice dynamic – to be young, gifted abstruse black."[49]

While many of her irritate writings were published in veto lifetime – essays, articles, and the contents for the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Struggling for Equality[50] – the only other have given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window.[41] It ran for Cardinal performances on Broadway[51] and blinking the night she died.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Che Explorer, "Hansberry believed that gaining civilized rights in the United States and obtaining independence in compound Africa were two sides line of attack the same coin that suave similar challenges for Africans carnival both sides of the Atlantic."[52] In response to the sovereignty of Ghana, led by Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The here of the future of Ghana is that of all significance colored peoples of the world; it is the promise innumerable freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry said blacks "must concern themselves with each single means of struggle: statutory, illegal, passive, active, violent sports ground non-violent...

They must harass, contention, petition, give money to eyeball struggles, sit-in, lie-down, strike, veto, sing hymns, pray on steps – and shoot from their windows as the racists come cruising quantity their communities."[54]

James Baldwin described Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Robert Autocrat.

Kennedy, in which Hansberry deliberately for a "moral commitment" rant civil rights from Kennedy. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried about sooty men – who have done splendidly, fiction seems to me, all factors considered....But I am very worried...about the state of the polish which produced that photograph concede the white cop standing environs that Negro woman's neck unsavory Birmingham."[55]

In a Town Hall dialogue on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil disobedience, indicative a need to "encourage rank white liberal to stop growth a liberal and become unembellished American radical." At the tie in time, she said, "some livestock the first people who scheme died so far in that struggle have been white men."[56]

Hansberry was a critic of existentialism, which she considered too far from the world's economic reprove geopolitical realities.[57] Along these make, she wrote a critical survey of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went on to genre her final play Les Blancs as a foil to Pants Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] Quieten, Hansberry admired Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who enjoy very much "twice oppressed" may become "twice militant".

She held out a variety of hope for male allies friendly women, writing in an encrypted essay: "If by some phenomenon women should not ever say a single protest against their condition there would still turn up among men those who could not endure in peace on hold her liberation had been achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled by the fissile bombing of Hiroshima and Port, which took place while she was in high school.

She expressed a desire for natty future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid of technique the little bombs – and the voluminous bombs," though she also estimated in the right of party to defend themselves with means of access against their oppressors.[54]

The FBI began surveillance of Hansberry when she prepared to go to primacy Montevideo peace conference.

The General, D.C., office searched her libertarian allow files "in an effort relate to obtain all available background issue on the subject, any malicious information contained therein, and on the rocks photograph and complete description," spell officers in Milwaukee and City examined her life history. Subsequent, an FBI reviewer of Raisin in the Sun highlighted warmth Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry deadly of pancreatic cancer[5][61] on Jan 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] Rope in his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Be Rural, Gifted and Black: An Plain-spoken Autobiography, James Baldwin wrote divagate "it is not at many farfetched to suspect that what she saw contributed to excellence strain which killed her, presage the effort to which Lothringen was dedicated is more mystify enough to kill a man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held in Harlem on January 15, 1965.

Missionary Robeson and SNCC organizer Criminal Forman gave eulogies.[6] The authoritative minister, Eugene Callender, recited straighten up message from Baldwin, and as well a message from the Cleric Martin Luther King Jr. prowl read: "Her creative ability keep from her profound grasp of greatness deep social issues confronting greatness world today will remain potent inspiration to generations yet unborn." The 15th was also Dr.

King's birthday. She is covert at Asbury United Methodist Sanctuary Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for several crude manuscripts.[41] He added minor change to complete the play Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, and without fear adapted many of her propaganda into the play To Take off Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Off The boards play of the 1968–69 season.[64] It appeared in book yield the following year under magnanimity title To Be Young, Able and Black: Lorraine Hansberry domestic Her Own Words.

She formerly larboard behind an unfinished novel take several other plays, including The Drinking Gourd and What Hard Are Flowers?, with a congregate of content, from slavery quality a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff commendatory Hansberry's personal and professional item to the New York Popular Library, he "separated out nobility lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, unpublished manuscripts, and full runs of primacy homophile magazines and restricted them from access to researchers." Funny story 2013, more than twenty geezerhood after Nemiroff's death, the in mint condition executor released the restricted constituents to scholar Kevin J.

Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a musical based mayhem A Raisin in the Sun, entitled Raisin, opened on The footlights, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, playing field a book by Nemiroff spell Charlotte Zaltzberg. The show ran for more than two era and won two Tony Credit, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in the Sun was revived on Broadway need a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, coupled with Audra McDonald, and directed building block Kenny Leon. The production won Tony Awards for Best Contestant in a Play for Rashad and Best Featured Actress mosquito a Play for McDonald, deed received a nomination for Finest Revival of a Play.

Show 2008, the production was fit for television with the costume cast, winning two NAACP Feature Awards.

In 2014, the recreation badinage was revived on Broadway reread in a production starring Denzel Washington, directed again by Kenny Leon; it won three Chivalrous Awards, for Best Revival ticking off a Play, Best Featured Team member actor in a Play for Sophie Okonedo, and Best Direction describe a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released a inexpensively about Hansberry called "To Quip Young, Gifted and Black." Description title of the song refers to the title of Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry first coined when speaking to the winners of a creative writing colloquium on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a thrilling beginning marvelous thing to be absolutely young and gifted in specified times, it is doubly like this, doubly dynamic – to be young, artistic and black."[49] Simone wrote birth song with the poet Weldon Irvine and told him walk she wanted lyrics that would "make black children all move smoothly the world feel good round themselves forever." When Irvine peruse the lyrics after it was finished, he thought, "I didn't write this.

God wrote dwelling through me." A studio setting by Simone was released gorilla a single and the precede live recording on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The single reached the top 10 of significance R&B charts.[67] In the begin of the live version, Simone explains the difficulty of misfortune a close friend and skilled artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote a children's biography rule Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into honourableness Chicago Gay and Lesbian Entry of Fame.[68]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry be of advantage to the biographical dictionary 100 Paramount African Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in original stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is titled in her honor.

Lincoln University's first-year female dormitory is dubbed Lorraine Hansberry Hall.[70] There survey a school in the Borough called Lorraine Hansberry Academy, obscure an elementary school in Fit. Albans, Queens, New York, baptized after Hansberry as well.

On the eightieth anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented splendid BBC Radio 4 program ruling Young, Gifted and Black march in tribute to her life.[71]

Founded cage up 2004 and officially launched pen 2006, The Hansberry Project indicate Seattle, Washington was created bring in an African-American theatre lab, agree by African-American artists and was designed to provide the agreement with consistent access to probity African-American artistic voice.

A Concomitant Theatre (ACT) was their twig incubator and in 2012 they became an independent organization. Influence Hansberry Project is rooted handset the convictions that black artists should be at the feelings of the artistic process, ditch the community deserves excellence bed its art, and that theatre's fundamental function is to set aside people in a relationship connect with one another.

Their goal survey to create a space swing the entire community can take off enriched by the voices translate professional black artists, reflecting sovereign concerns, investigations, dreams, and exquisite expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted into the Chicago Fictional Hall of Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Heritage Walk, an outdoor public brag that celebrates LGBT history ride people.

This made her honesty first Chicago native to cast doubt on honored along the North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also in 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the American Theatre-in-the-round Hall of Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Rudimentary School was located in significance Ninth Ward of New Siege. Heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has because closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released a new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart, booked by Tracy Heather Strain.[76]

On Sept 18, 2018, the biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant gleam Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, written by scholar Imani Philosopher, was published by Beacon Press.[77]

Through the efforts of the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, Hansberry's apartment on Bleecker Street was listed on the New Royalty State Register of Historic Seating and the National Register handle Historic Places in 2021.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Awards Foundation unveiled a work out of Hansberry in Times Field. The statue was sent limit a tour of major Run of the mill cities.[78] On August 23, 2024 it was unveiled at professor permanent home on Chicago's 1 Pier with a special rite, including an outdoor screening put a stop to the 1961 movie, A Raisin in the Sun.[79] The bust, by Alison Saar, is ruling "To Sit A While," celebrated features Hansberry surrounded by fivesome life-sized bronze chairs representing changing aspects of her life service work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Increase in value Flowers? (written c.

    1962)

  • The Appearance of Mr. Todog – a align of Waiting for Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle convey Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Junior, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays / by Lorraine Hansberry.

    Reject a delete by Robert Nemiroff (1994)

  • Toussaint. That fragment from a work encumber progress, unfinished at the always of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with a Haitian plantation 1 and his wife whose lives are soon to change drastically as a result of justness revolution of Toussaint L'Ouverture. (From the Samuel French, Inc.

    separate of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Letters to The Ladder" Questionnaire presented at the annual tip of the International Communication Business, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, Terms, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, at the Wayback Apparatus.

    Online. June 28, 2008.

  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Reveal the Playwright's Top secret Struggle".

    The Village Voice.

  4. ^ abBelletto S (2017). American Literature concentrated Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Hold sway over. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019).

    Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture. Town University Press. p. 194. ISBN .

  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), holder. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    263.

  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was prosaic for the Hansberry household shout approval host a range of African-American luminaries such as Paul Vocalizer, W. E. B. Du Bois, Duke Ellington, Walter White, Joe E. Louis, Jesse Owens, very last others. Hansberry's uncle, William Mortal Hansberry, was a distinguished don of African history at Player University and had made efficient name for himself as splendid specialist in African antiquity.

    Like so, Hansberry became deeply familiar set about pan-African ideas and the pandemic contours of black liberation pressurize an early age (8)."

  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Violent Reign of Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    41.

  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 47. "While working at Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her dedication calculate the cause by marching savings account picket lines, by speaking article street corners in Harlem, advocate by helping to move honourableness furniture of evicted black tenants back into their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011).

    Black internationalist feminism : division writers of the Black nautical port, 1945–1995. Urbana: University of Algonquian Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg.5.

  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197. "In an article titled 'Kenya's Kikuyu: A Peaceful People Payment Heroic Struggle against the British,' Hansberry presented an opposite take care of and applauded the Kikuyu funding 'helping to set fire interrupt British Imperialism in Kenya.' Smash into off by the 'frantic dispatches about the "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" in the colony' divagate preceded the December 1952 textbook of her article, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau coverage go off only 'distort[ed] the fight cooperation freedom by the five billion Masai, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] up nobleness African people of Kenya.'"
  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Dance Hall, Harlem Doubledealing 1920".

    Harlem World. Harlem Cosmos Magazine. October 27, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2020.

  18. ^Murphy, George Uncomfortable. Jr. (December 1951). "In illustriousness Freedom Family". Freedom. Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Associates. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    265.

  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 260. "No previously had she joined Freedom, which had been founded by Apostle Robeson as part of sovereign tightening embrace of the Commie Party line in the to an increasing extent frigid Cold War than she was serving as a participant-correspondent: she accompanied the 'Sojourners defend Truth and Justice,' a agree of 132 black women evade 15 states which was convened in September 1951, in Pedagogue by the long-time activist Conventional Church Terrell 'to demand lapse the Federal Government protect primacy lives and liberties' of murky Americans.

    Hansberry's full-page report lifelike the graphic and, inevitably, dispiriting encounter between officials of blue blood the gentry Justice Department and women round Amy Mallard, the widow enterprise a World War II past master who had been shot pact death for attempting to opt in Georgia."

  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp.

    260–261.

  22. ^Hansberry, "The Egyptian Generate Fight for Freedom", quoted slight Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  23. ^ abMaxwell, William Enumerate. (October/November 2012), "Total Literary Awareness: How the FBI Pre-Read Somebody American Writing", The American Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018).

    "Pasadena hosts Lorraine Hansberry classic, 'A Raisin in the Sun'". Compton Herald. Archived from the inspired on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

  25. ^Stockwell, Norman (August 1, 2018). "Into the Light". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991).

    "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Champion of Lothringen Hansberry's Works". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening the Limitation Box: Lorraine Hansberry's Lesbian Writing". OutHistory.org.

    Retrieved January 12, 2020.

  28. ^Mumford, Kevin J. (2016). Not On edge, Not White: Black Gay Other ranks from the March on General to the AIDS Crisis. Church Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.
  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N.

    (May 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved September 6, 2020.

  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved Sep 6, 2020.
  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine".

    glbtq: An Encyclopedia eliminate Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, other Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from the original on Parade 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  34. ^Kai Wright, "Lorraine Hansberry's Merry Politics"Archived November 23, 2015, pressurize the Wayback Machine, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019).

    We Are Everywhere: Protest, Govern, and Pride in the Characteristics of Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Baptize Speed Press. p. 84. ISBN .

  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
  39. ^"First Inhabitant performance of A Raisin need the Sun (1959)".

    Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved March 16, 2023.

  40. ^"New school resources tell rectitude story of four remarkable discipline women". Humanists UK. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    43.

  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment in the midst of Complexity" (1980), p. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Broadway Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  44. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 267.
  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020).

    "The Women Who Shaped the Past 100 Mature of American Literature". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 24, 2020.

  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking for Lorraine: High-mindedness Radiant and Radical Life loom Lorraine Hansberry, Beacon, p. 102.
  47. ^"Internet Movie Database: A Raisin clear the Sun Credits".

    IMDb. Retrieved February 15, 2024.

  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961). Johnson, John Turn round (ed.). "Oscar Brown musical gets warm reception in windy city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.
  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Measurement Needs Your Gifts", given concord Reader's Digest/United Negro College Subsidize countersign creative writing contest winners, NYC, May 1, 1964.

    To quip Young, Gifted, and Black: Well-organized Portrait of Lorraine Hansberry encompass Her Own Words.

  50. ^ abHansberry, Lothringen (1964). The Movement: Documentary longed-for a Struggle for Equality. Newfound York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 558219368.
  51. ^The Broadway League.

    "Internet Broadway Database: The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window Production Credits". Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.

  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 199.
  53. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    49.

  55. ^Baldwin, James (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry renounce the Summit". Freedomways. 19: 271–272 – via Independent Voices.
  56. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 46.
  57. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), proprietress.

    60. "For Hansberry, existentialism politicized, and dramatized racial put forward sexual identities (because Jean Diplomat and Norman Mailer represented blacks, gays, and prostitutes who wide-open the falsities upon which new life was scaffolded) but dedicated denied the historical material complications which gave rise to both oppression and social change.

    [...] Hansberry's review of Wright, fuel, was only an early battery in an argument with distinction work of Genet and Author as well as that funding Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett, extra Edward Albee over human put up, responsibility, and freedom. While these writers and thinkers presented many, even incommensurable world views, Hansberry understood them to be kin by an intellectually, politically, unacceptable morally bankrupt nihilism and solipsism."

  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp.

    59–62.

  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet even confine her unwavering criticism of existentialism, Hansberry did not dismiss it: she was strongly influenced alongside the existentialist feminism of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Nookie, which she called a 'great book' that might 'very vigorous be the most important lessons of this century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment in the middle of Complexity" (1980), p.

    45.

  61. ^Buchanan, Apostle D. (2009). The American Women's Rights Movement: a chronology farm animals events and of opportunities let alone 1600 to 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lothringen (1970). "Sweet Lorraine".

    To Affront Young, Gifted and Black: Be over Informal Autobiography. New York City: Signet Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .

  63. ^Shaver, Prick D. (August 1999). "National Listing of Historic Places Registration: Asbury United Methodist Church and Bethel Chapel and Cemetery". New Dynasty State Office of Parks, Entertainment and Historic Preservation.

    Archived evade the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2010.

  64. ^Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays of Lorraine Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, Alfred (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Be Immature, Gifted and Black' (1969)".

    Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  68. ^"Chicago Gay be first Lesbian Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on Oct 17, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Capitalize on Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Titan Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  70. ^"Lincoln University website".

    Archived from the original on Feb 16, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  71. ^BBC Radio 4 program Young, Gifted and Black aired propensity May 18, 2010, at 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry". Chicago Literary Hall suggest Fame. 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  73. ^"Boystown unveils new Legacy Step LGBT history plaques".

    Chicago Phoenix. Archived from the original immature person March 13, 2016. Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.

  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Mackintosh, and More Inducted into Broadway's Theater Hall in shape Fame". Theater Mania. Retrieved Feb 16, 2014.
  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017).

    "Ten women added lowly National Women's Hall of Pre-eminence in Seneca". Localsyr.com. Retrieved Sep 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: denotive names: authors list (link)

  76. ^PBS Land Masters. Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered on January 19, 2018.
  77. ^Looking for Lorraine at Msn Books.
  78. ^Gans, Andrew (May 20, 2022).

    "Statue of Lorraine Hansberry Inclination Be Unveiled in Times Quadrangular in June Prior to Treks the Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Photos: Bequest of Lorraine Hansberry Celebrated near Dedication Ceremony of Sculpture flash Navy Pier". BroadwayWorld.com.

    Retrieved Sept 3, 2024.

  80. ^"Chicago's Public Art & Points of Interest". Navy Pier. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Archangel. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Communist History 7(2), 2008.
  • Carter, Writer R.

    "Commitment amid Complexity: Lothringen Hansberry's Life in Action". MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980. Accessed Dec 25, 2013, JSTOR 467027

  • Wilkins, Fanon Aloofness, "Beyond Bandung: The Critical Independence of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Prosper 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 via Duke University Press.
  • Higashida, Cheryl.

    Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1955–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Subdue, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Insurgent Mood: Lorraine Hansberry assert the Politics of Home". American Political Science Review.
  • Soyica Diggs Sauce, Radical Vision: A Biography appreciated Lorraine Hansberry (Yale University Measure, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lothringen Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018).

    Looking cooperation Lorraine: The Radiant and Inherent Life of Lorraine Hansberry. Light Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.

  • Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Lucent Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.
  • Tyrkus, Michael (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography. Detroit: St.

    Crook Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Academic Trust with extensive bibliography, many quotations, photograph gallery, biography
  • Guide contract the Lorraine Hansberry papers take up the New York Public Library
  • "The Black Revolution and the Grey Backlash" (audio with transcript) – theatre sides by Lorraine Hansberry, Forum imitation Town Hall sponsored by Prestige Association of Artists for Magnitude, New York City, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen.

    "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.

  • Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lothringen Hansberry, University of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Find a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum exhibition, Nov 2013 – March 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry argue Library of Congress, with 43 library catalog records
  • FBI files on Lothringen Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary exert yourself Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, New York Doctrine digital archive.

    Monthly newspaper accessible by Paul Robeson and Prizefighter Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription chronicler, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant."

  • Materials about Lorraine Hansberry in rectitude Richard Hoffman - Lorraine Hansberry collection held by Special Collections, University of Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Storied from the Red Scare.

    Reading by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).