Wilhelm stuckart biography of michael jackson

Nazi German government official (1902–1953)

Wilhelm Stuckart (16 November 1902 – 15 November 1953) was adroit German Nazi Party lawyer, legal, and a State Secretary twist the Reich Interior Ministry all along the Nazi era.^[1] He was a co-author of the City Laws and a participant hut the January 1942 Wannsee Talk, at which the genocidal Closing Solution to the Jewish Absorbed was planned.

He also served as Reichsminister of the Inside in the short-lived Flensburg regulation at the end of high-mindedness Second World War.

Early life

Stuckart was born in Wiesbaden, birth son of a railway employee.^[2] He had a Christian raising. Stuckart was active in illustriousness far right early on careful joined the Freikorpsvon Epp pin down 1919 to resist the Gallic occupation of the Ruhr.^[2] Put back 1922, he started studying blame and political economy at depiction universities of Munich and Metropolis am Main, and joined greatness Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Dec that year; he remained a-one member until the party was banned after the failed takeover of 1923.^[2] To support circlet parents, Stuckart temporarily abandoned fulfil studies to work at goodness Nassau Regional Bank in Frankfort in 1924.^[2] He finished reward studies in 1928, receiving first-class doctorate with a thesis advantaged Erklärung an die Öffentlichkeit, insbesondere die Anmeldung zum Handelsregister ("Declarations to the Public, Especially On the road to the Enrollment to the Conglomerate Register"); he passed the prohibit examination in 1930.^[3]

Career

From 1930, Stuckart served as a district dull judge.^[3] He renewed his fold with the NSDAP and in case party comrades with legal direction during this period.^[3] He plain-spoken not rejoin the party at once, as judges were prohibited getaway being politically active.^[3] To bypass this restriction, Stuckart's mother linked the party for him type member number 378,144.^[3] From 1932 to 1933, he worked introduce a lawyer and legal scrimshaw for the SA in Stettin (today, Szczecin), Pomerania.^[3]

Stuckart's quick feature in the German state oversight was unusual for a being of modest background and would have been impossible without emperor long dedication to the Undemocratic cause.^[4] On 4 April 1933 he became the Mayor snowball State Commissioner in Stettin stand for was also elected to goodness state parliament and the German State Council.^[3] On 15 Hawthorn 1933, Stuckart was appointed Hieratic Director of the Prussian Department of Science, Art and Modishness, and on 30 June 1933, he was made a Heave Secretary.^[3] In 1934, Stuckart was intimately involved in the unsure acquisition of the Guelph Consider important of Brunswick (the "Welfenschatz") – a unique collection of perfectly medieval religious precious metalwork, defer that time in the out of harm's way of several German-Jewish art dealers from Frankfurt, and one be more or less the most important church treasuries to have survived from age Germany – by the German State under its Prime Manage Hermann Göring.^[5]

On 7 July 1934, Stuckart became the State Cobble together and head of the Medial Office in the recently conventional Reich Ministry of Science, Raising and Culture under Bernhard Stampede.

However, after disagreements with empress superior, he was placed complex leave for disobedience in Sep and was involuntarily retired situation 14 November 1934.^[6] He laid hold of to Darmstadt, where he pompous from February to March 1935 as the president of depiction superior district court.^[3] On 7 March 1935, Stuckart began helping in the Reich Ministry bank Interior, Division I: Constitution discipline Legislation, with the responsibility parade constitutional law, citizenship and genealogical laws.^[3] Promoted to Ministerial Administrator on 1 April 1935, recognized was on 13 September 1935 given the task of co-writing, together with Hans Pfundtner, Bernhard Lösener and Franz Albrecht Medicus [de], the antisemiticLaw for the Commit of German Blood and Teutonic Honour and The Reich Nation Law, together better known whereas the Nuremberg Laws, which justness Nazi-controlled Reichstag passed on 15 September 1935.^[3][7] In 1936, Stuckart became a member of distinction Academy for German Law dowel chairman of its committee forge administrative law.

Part of Stuckart's duties in the Interior Ministry affected providing a legal framework mitigating the Nazi expansionist policy answerable to constitutional and international law.

Private detective 16 March 1938, Hitler polar him with the management admire the office carrying out rectitude unification of Austria with position Reich, and he drafted integrity implementing decree. He was officially promoted to State Secretary flash the Interior Ministry on 1 April 1938. In October, sharp-tasting was similarly charged with distribution the transfer of the Sudetenland and, in March 1939, drafted the decree on the shortest of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

On 18 August 1939, Stuckart signed a confidential statute regarding the "Reporting Obligations familiar Deformed Newborns," which became primacy basis for the Nazi regime's euthanasia of children.^[9] Two mature later, Stuckart's own one-year-old idiocy, Gunther, who was born take up again Down syndrome, became a easy prey of this programme.^[10]

Stuckart was deft member of the SA exotic 1932 and applied for enrolment in the SS in Dec 1933.

On the recommendation tactic Heinrich Himmler, Stuckart finally transferred to the SS on 13 September 1936 (member number 280,042) with the rank of SS-Standartenführer. He was awarded the Yellow Party Badge on 30 Jan 1939 and was promoted relative to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer shot 30 January 1944.

As a acceptable theorist

A prolific writer, Stuckart came to be seen as facial appearance of the leading Nazi admissible experts, focusing especially on folk laws and public administration.

Regulate 1936 Stuckart, as the chairperson of the Reich Committee financial assistance the Protection of German Blood,^[3] together with Hans Globke co-authored the government's official Commentary bring to a halt German Racial Legislation in frills of the Reich Citizenship coupled with Blood Protection Laws.^[11] The gloss 2 explains that the laws were based on the concept try to be like Volksgemeinschaft ("People's community") to which every German was bound hunk common blood.^[11] Individuals were battle-cry members of society (a idea viewed by the Nazi lawful theorists as a Marxist one) but born members of rendering German Volk, through which they acquire rights.^[11] Interests of rectitude Volk were to always reverse those of the individual.^[11] Persons born outside of the Volk were seen to possess maladroit thumbs down d rights and represent a jeopardy to the purity of representation people's community.^[11] As such, anti-miscegenation legislation was justified, even necessary.^[11] Stuckart stated that these work represented "a preliminary solution help the Jewish question".^[3]

In October 1939, Stuckart was tasked with probing the comprehensive rationalization of justness state administrative structure by spreading and simplification.^[4] The streamlining was to especially concern the a good deal administration, which was to stand extensive unification, preferably leading backing a model of a slender Interior Ministry supervising a singular system of field agencies writer broad local powers.^[4] Stuckart future that the state and personal should effectively be combined thwart an overarching concept of picture Reich, and should co-operate engagement the highest levels of authority, so that ground-level friction betwixt the institutions could be puzzling by referencing upwards.^[12] Stuckart paramount his disciples distinguished Herrschaft (administrative mastery) from an idealised Führung (leadership).^[13] The transformation of loftiness state administration from a complex apparatus for the application fall for norms to a means illustrate political leadership was the principal idea in Stuckart's model: depiction ideal Nazi civil servant was not to be a inert lawyer of the obsolete "liberal constitutional state", but a "pioneer of culture, coloniser and bureaucratic and economic creator".^[12] The superintendent structure of the Reichsgaue, hoop the party and state regime were combined and the Gauleiter fielded almost dictatorial powers obtain his domain, reflected Stuckart's theorization.^[4]

"Generalplan West"

A memorandum written on 14 June 1940 by Stuckart send off for someone in his vicinity tight spot the Interior Ministry discusses decency annexation of certain areas hem in Eastern France to the European Reich.^[14] The document presents ingenious plan to weaken France coarse reducing the country to spoil late mediaeval borders with depiction Holy Roman Empire and replace the French populace of primacy annexed territories by German settlers.^[14] This memorandum formed the goal for the so-called "north-east line" (also called the "black line" and the "Führer line"^[15]) tatty in the occupied French territories after the Second Armistice classify Compiègne, which stretched from magnanimity mouth of the River Somme to the Jura Mountains (see map).^[14] Because of the authentic motivation for the area's Germanisation, cities and regions were acquaintance revert to their traditional Teutonic names.

Nancy, for instance, would be known thereafter as Nanzig, and Besançon as Bisanz.^[16] Scorekeeper Peter Schöttler refers to that plan as a western cost of the Generalplan Ost.^[14]

Wannsee Conference

Stuckart represented Interior Minister Wilhelm Industrialist at the Wannsee Conference show consideration for 20 January 1942 chaired insensitive to SS-ObergruppenführerReinhard Heydrich, which discussed picture imposition of the "Final Sense of the Jewish Question attach the German Sphere of Region in Europe".^[3] According to authority minutes of the conference, Stuckart supported forced sterilization for people of "mixed blood" instead defer to extermination.^[17]

Heydrich called a follow-up forum on 6 March 1942, which further discussed the problems break into "mixed blood" individuals and tainted marriage couples.^[18] At this rendezvous, Stuckart argued that only first-degree Mischlinge (persons with two Human grandparents) should be sterilized soak force, after which they be obliged be allowed to remain advance Germany and undergo a "natural extinction".^[18][19] He had stated:

I have always maintained that okay is extraordinarily dangerous to relinquish German blood to the opposite side.

Our adversaries will situate the desirable characteristics of that blood to good use. In times past the half Jews are improbable of Germany, their high ingenuity and education level, combined colleague their German heredity, will interpret these individuals born leaders abide terrible enemies.^[18]

Stuckart was also attention about causing distress to European spouses and children of "interracial" couples.^[19]

After World War II

Stuckart served briefly as Interior Minister have round Karl Dönitz's Flensburg Government pull May 1945.^[20] When that management was dissolved by the Alliance, Stuckart was arrested on 23 May, interned in Camp Dustbin and called as an source witness at the Nuremberg correct of Wilhelm Frick.^[21] He man was tried by the Metropolis Military Tribunal in the Ministries Trial in 1948 for monarch role in formulating and sharp out anti-Jewish laws.^[22] The press one`s suit with characterized him as an devoted Jew-hater who was able enrol pursue his anti-Semitic campaign raid the safety of his canonical office.^[22] Former co-worker Bernhard Lösener from Interior Ministry testified range Stuckart had been aware compensation the murder of the Jews even before the Wannsee Conference.^[22] Stuckart's defense argued that authority support for the forced contraception of Mischlinge was to pitch or delay even more stern measures.^[22] The court was not equal to to resolve the question person in charge sentenced him to time served in April 1949.^[22]

After being unfastened from captivity, Stuckart went consent to work as city treasurer pile Helmstedt and then as decency manager of the Institute funds the Promotion of Economy thorough Lower Saxony.^[22] He also pretentious for the regional committee bazaar the right-wing All-German Bloc/League explain Expellees and Deprived of Rights.^[23] In 1951, he was out of condition in a de-Nazification court, hush-hush as a "fellow traveller" (Mitläufer) and fined five hundred Deutsche Mark.^[22]

Death

Stuckart was killed on 15 November 1953 near Hanover, Westside Germany, in a car misadventure a day before his 51st birthday.

There has been distributed speculation that the "accident" was, in reality, a staged strap targeting Stuckart as a past Nazi involved in Nazi tribal and anti-Jewish policies and activities. However, nothing has ever antique openly admitted by Mossad umpire other groups known to hold been involved in other attacks on former Nazis.^[22]

Personality

Stuckart held unmovable opinions concerning racial legislation snowball administrative organisation.^[4] At the Ministries Trial, his personal assistant Hans Globke described him as dialect trig "convinced Nazi" whose political certitude weakened as time went on.^[4] From May 1940 onward, Stuckart made several requests to mistrust released from his job determination military service in the Wehrmacht, but these were turned modulate personally by Hitler.^[4]

Writings

• Geschichte im Geschichtsunterricht, Frankfurt am Main 1934 ("A History of History Teaching")
• Nationalsozialistische Rechtserziehung, Frankfurt am Main 1935 ("National Socialist Legal Studies")
• Reichsbürgergesetz vom 15.

  September 1935. Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und silvery deutschen Ehre vom 15. Sep 1935. Gesetz zum Schutze plump for Erbgesundheit des deutschen Volkes (Ehegesundheitsgesetz) vom 18. Oktober 1935. Nebst allen Ausführungsvorschriften und den einschlägigen Gesetzen und Verordnungen, with Hans Globke, Berlin 1936

• Neues Staatsrecht, become accustomed Wilhelm Albrecht, Leipzig 1936 ("New State Law")
• Nationalsozialismus und Staatsrecht, Songster 1937 ("National Socialism and Basic Law")
• Verwaltungsrecht, with Walter Scheerbarth, Metropolis 1937 ("Administrative Law")
• Partei und Staat, Vienna 1938 ("The Party pivotal the State")
• Rassen- und Erbpflege crate der Gesetzgebung des Dritten Reiches, with Rolf Schiedemair, Leipzig 1938 ("Racial and Hereditary Care disclose the Legislation of the Tertiary Reich")
• Die Reichsverteidigung (Wehrrecht), with Follow von Rosen [de], Leipzig 1940 ("Reich Defense (Military Law)")
• Führung und Verwaltung im Kriege, Berlin 1941 ("Leadership and Administration During Wartime")
• Europa result Europäern, 1941 ("Europe For Europeans")
• Neues Gemeinderecht.

  Mit einer Darstellung warm up Gemeindeverbände, with Harry von Rosen [de], Leipzig 1942 ("New Municipal Law")

• Verfassung, Verwaltung und europäische Neuordnung, Bukarest 1942 ("Constitution, Administration and ethics New European Order")
• Verfassungs-, Verwaltungs- thud Wirtschaftsgesetze Norwegens. Sammlung der wichtigsten Gesetze, Verordnungen und Erlasse, polished Reinhard Höhn [de] and Herbert Schneider, Darmstadt 1942 ("Constitutional, Administrative bid Economic Laws of Norway.

  Hearten of the Most Important Publication, Regulations and Decrees")

• Der Staatsaufbau stilbesterol Deutschen Reichs in systematischer Darstellung, with Harry von Rosen beginning Rolf Schiedermair [de], Leipzig 1943 ("The State Structure of the European Reich: A Systematic Presentation")

See also

Wilhelm Stuckart is portrayed by Dick Fitz in the 1984 Teutonic film, Colin Firth in prestige 2001 film and Godehard Giese in the 2022 film.

References

External links