Bronsted johannes nicolaus biography of william

pro Brønsteda v ceském jazyce klikni zde
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted
b. February 22, 1879, Varde, Denmark
d. December 17, 1947, Copenhagen, Denmark

Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted was Danish physical chemist methodical for a widely applicable acid-base concept identical to that find time for Thomas Martin Lowry of England.

Though both men introduced their definitions simultaneously (1923), they plain-spoken so independently of each pristine. Brønsted was also an competence on the catalytic properties topmost strengths of acids and bases. His chief interest was thermodynamical studies, but he also blunt important work with electrolyte solutions.

Brønsted's childhood, youth and education
 


Johannes Nicolaus, c.

1890

The in concert of a civil engineer, Johannes Nicolaus was born on Feb 22nd, 1879 in Varde, nifty small town in West Jylland. His mother died soon rear 1 his birth, and his holy man remarried. However, Johannes was single 14 years old when emperor father also died. These forlorn family circumstances must have weigh up Johannes and his elder foster Ellen in a very disturbing situation.


 

In a knowledge from the garden of Hesselvig Enggard (taken around 1890) Johannes has already (symbolically) started promote to show independence by keeping tidy certain distance to the advantage of the group in prestige picture.

His two years old sister Ellen on the afar left in the picture divided the fate of early swallow up of her parents. She dreary, like her mother, in birth in 1919 at the mess of 42.


 


The evenness Hesselvig Enggard, c. 1890
by Skjern River near Herning in Jutland
Johannes' father Sophus Theodor Brønsted was a civil engineer working engage in 'Hedeselskabet', a corporation founded have an effect on reclaim moorland by draining, ablution, and planting.

In this homestead (which is now a seek farm) the family was pure in the middle of unblended part of Jutland which - a hundred years ago - was a deserted area, freezing with heather. But for efficient boy this was Paradise. Johannes may have aquired his not under any condition fading interest for nature beside at this spot by description river.


 


Newly graduated course group from 
'Metropolitanskolen' in 1897. 
Brřnsted is #2 from right in the central point row
After the loss of both parents the young Brønsted take his sister moved to Kobenhavn with their stepmother and Brønsted attended the 'Metropolitanskolen' for iii years .

He passed coronet 'studentereksamen' (University entrance examination) establish the summer of 1897. Grandeur picture shows Brønsted and her majesty class mates. The most telling of these is probably Niels Bjerrum right in the nucleus of the picture. Later Bjerrum became Brønsteds colleague and challenger in physical chemistry and illegal remained his lifelong friend.


 

Family gathering at the nearby of Espergarde, North Zealand, Danmark, summer 1897.

J.N. Brønsted engage his white 'studenterhue' (undergraduates cap) and his sister Ellen Brønsted (third from the left) packed in with Pauline Bülow, their father's sister (far left) and concerning members of the Bülow family.


 

In the autumn be more or less 1897 Brønsted took up studies at the (old) Polytecnic Society in the street Solvgade invite Copenhagen.

He completed his prime degree studies in engineering unimportant person 1899, and began studies serve pure science at Copenhagen College. He took his 'magister' class in Chemistry in 1902. Grandeur painting shows Brønsted in those years (about 1900). It was painted by his sister Ellen who had graduated as well-ordered sculpturer and painter from glory Art College for Women botchup the Academy of Fine Arts.


 


 


Mr.

queue Mrs. Brønsted in 1903.
The canid (Sam) was the first confront many to follow

Brønsted with far-out dog at Erikshab 1903

At picture Polytecnic Institute Brønsted met City Louise Warberg, who in 1902 became one of the greatly first female engineers in Danmark. They were married in 1903 and moved into a lacklustre at Forchhammersvej in Copenhagen.

Wayward to Brønsted, Charlotte Louise was from a large family evade Erikshab in Fyn; a wet-nurse was married to the Scandinavian artist Johannes Larsen of Kerteminde. A painting by him recap seen on the wall. Brønsteds interest in dogs and cigars are obvious from this rendering and from the one lower taken on a visit determination Erikshab.


 


The newly appointed,
young Professor of
Chemistry, 1910 
There was negation academic position immediately available spokesperson Brønsted in 1902 and peak took three years before settle down could return to the Medical centre Chemical Laboratories to take make lighter a position as an aide.

However, it is interesting come to an end note that in the meanwhile Brønsted initiated his studies conclusion the thermodynamic quantity 'affinity'. In this manner, his pioneering thermodynamic studies break into the interconversion of sulfur modifications (as praised by Nernst) was published already in 1904, charge it looks as if queen former teacher Professor Emil Petersen has played a major carve up here.

In all Brønsteds publications from that time Emil Petersen is acknowledged for his sympathetic support and for letting Brønsted do experimental work in rule laboratory. Unfortunately that collaboration didn't last long. Petersen died trim the age of 51 escort 1907. In 1905 Brønsted in motion to work at his 'affinity' measurements on binary mixtures (sulfuric acid and water).

He nip his doctoral thesis on make certain subject in 1908 and fortunately a new chair of alchemy was instituted at the Organization that same year. It came to an academic battle amidst two candidates: J.N. Brønsted slab Niels Bjerrum. Bjerrum had defended his doctoral degree a hardly any months after Brønsted had defended his.

After a difficult intention for the judges, the condescending finally fell on Brønsted, boss on December 24th it was announced in the morning newspapers that Dr. Phil. Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted was the new Prof (with consensus). His employment was valid from 17 December 1908 , which should later expand to be exactly 39 days before his death.

A long brash and strange career had under way.

Naturally it would involve unembellished great deal of scientific activities, but Brønsted had "a funds of interests outside his science" (From 'The Brønsted Memorial Lecture' delivered before The Chemical Company in London on Feb. Tertiary, 1949)

Brønsted at work
 


The Physicochemical Institute at
Blegdamsvej 19 in Copenhagen

Brønsted in the lab
(after 1930)


 


Brønsted at government desk

The Acid Base Theory promote to Brønsted and Lowry

In 1923, heart several months of each subsequent, Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (Denmark) topmost Thomas Martin Lowry (England) obtainable essentially the same theory bother how acids and bases acknowledge.

Since they came to their conclusions independently of each succeeding additional, both names have been down at heel for the theory name.

In 1923, Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted extrinsic a new view of acids and bases. An acid was defined as a compound breeding to give up a cation (or hydrogen ion), while swell base was one tending acquaintance combine with a proton.

That new view accounted for drain the facts already satisfactorily believed for by the old panorama of Svante Arrhenius. In appendix it represented a greater complaisance that made it possible problem extend acid-base notions into areas in which the old viewpoint was inadequate.

Brønsted - Lowery Theory:
Acid - proton donor.
Reach an equation, a Brønsted - Lowery acid must have h in its formula.


Base - proton acceptor.

A Brønsted - Lowery base is hard to generalise for all equations. It haw be a negative ion. Support may have to look sharpen up the products. Find one guarantee contains hydrogen. If the contrary part of this product was in a reactant that upfront not contain hydrogen, that reactant is most likely the design.

This theory focuses on loftiness action of protons in reactions. Since protons are in grandeur nucleus of an atom, prestige hydrogen ion is the one source of protons in far-out normal chemical reaction. The interpretation of acids and bases laboratory analysis broadened because no specific fail to deal with must be formed, but element is needed in the feedback to produce the proton.

Two important terms are used rerouteing association with this theory:

Conjugate mannequin - the particle that remnant after an acid gives substance a proton.

Conjugate acid - the particle formed when precise base accepts a proton.

An acid-base reaction involves the swap of a proton from potent acid to a base:

Hydronium brightness - formed by a gas ion and a water material - H3O+.

Since a h ion is nothing more puzzle a proton (a bare certain charge), when formed, this cation is immediately attracted to excellent polar water molecule forming skilful hydronium ion. For this spat, hydrogen ions never actually idle in water solution. Autoionization look up to water includes the hydrogen memo transfer from one water mote to another one:


You could benefit from reading additional ask pardon on:
The Acid Base Theory touch on Brønsted and Lowry
as well although from the reading the recent text of a Brønsted's paper
J.

N. Brønsted, Some Remarks on the Concept of Acids and Bases,
Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas (1923) Album 42, Pages 718-728



Pictures Brønsted's travels
 

Brønsted add-on Bjerrum entering the harbor amusement Harwich, England on 14 June, 1923 at 6 p.m.

come upon the 'Dronning Maud'. 


 

Bjerrum and Brønsted with two treat danish chemists (? and C.J.H. Madsen) in front of lone of the Cambridge colleges, attention the annual IUPAC meeting 17-20 June 1923.


 

Brønsted be suspicious of the Whirlpool Rapids above excellence Niagara Falls in September 1912.

He had started out depart from Copenhagen on 22 August unwanted items Profs. E. Biilmann and Julius Petersen (and a few additional chemists) to cross the Ocean by the ship Oscar II. They were attending a forum in Washington D.C., where they were introduced to President Carver at a garden party put back the White House. On that trip Brønsted also visits systematic colleagues in Rochester, Boston (T.W.

Richards, Harvard) and Ithaca (Bancroft, Cornell).


 


Brønsted "on Debye's balcony"
20 February, 1927
Brønsted spent 8 months in the U.S. devour August, 1926 until April, 1927., visiting V.K. LaMer at Town University, N.Y.

and as unornamented visiting professor at Yale Lincoln. It was during this last that Brønsted established arrangements cart a later donation of 100.000 USD from the Rockefeller Reinforcement to build his (badly needed) new Physicochemical Institute at Blegdamsvej 19 in Copenhagen.


Brønsted in excellence trip
to the U.S., 1926-27

Brønsted orang-utan a host

Needless to say Brønsted had a lot of systematic visitors over the year cause the collapse of 1920; Victor K.

LaMer was the first from outside Danmark. Others were: G. Hevesy, C.V. King, E.A. Guggenheim, W.F. Juvenile. Wynne-Jones, Mary and Martin Kilpatrick and R. P. Bell, extra the Danish chemists A. Tovborg-Jensen and J. Koefoed.
 

R.P. Bell (1907-96) at the spanking 'Brønsted Institute' on the roadway Blegdamsvej 19 in Copenhagen.

Ronnie Bell spent four years elegant Brønsted during 1928-1932. He became Brønsted's most famous pupil. Prohibited published only one paper engage Brønsted, but four on coronate own; all taking advantage lecture experimental methods originated by Brønsted. However, it is typical replace Bell's publications that they buzz had a component of (modern) theoretical considerations.

It is interesting give confidence know that during his Kobenhavn period he must have afoot thinking about writing his fully remarkable series of theoretical writing (in the 1930's) concerning chemic rate theory and quantum automatic tunnelling, before he initiated queen main field of interest - acid-base catalysis and isotope outcome studies - with enormous evaluate and with a constant draw of papers over several decades.

But Bell was young spiky Copenhagen and had other goods to learn, including fluent Norse, which he mastered for depiction rest of his life. Previously he married Margery around 1930, and then came to hold out in one of the vista theatre backdrop on top of the virgin Brønsted Institute at Blegdamsvej, type came to know a enumerate of artists in Copenhagen, e.g.

the Danish author Tom Kristensen. Bell loved his novel "Harvark" (Havoc), which he had prepare many time in Danish. Fair enough also came to know high-mindedness Danish actor Robert Storm Petersen. Bell loved Storm-P's intriguing drawings with their sense of funniness and strange philosophy. R. Owner. Bell became a member perfect example the Danish Royal Society streak he received an honorary esteem from the Technical University curiosity Denmark in 1969.

Many adolescent Danish chemists made advanced studies in Bell's laboratories in Town and (later) Stirling, and benefited from his warm feelings solution Denmark, all dating back his "Copenhagen Days" with Brønsted.
 

Visitors from justness United States. Harned (far right) with Scatchard; then follows Wife.

Brønsted, Mrs. Harned and Specify. N. Brønsted. The picture problem taken at the City Foyer in Copenhagen.

(From left to right) Front Row: George von Chemist, Agnes Petersen, Fritz Haber. Back Row: Niels Bohr, Einar Gontelberg, Johannes N. Brønsted. The hold was taken outside the Kobenhavn Polytechnic Institute, June 18, 1920.

With family and friends
 

J.N.

Brønsted (1910) together with combine sisters. From left: Louise Brønsted, Christine Mackie and Alhed Larsen (married to Johannes Larsen, representation artist).


 

J.N. Brønsted (far right) and Louise Brønsted (center) with friends archaeologist H.C.

Broholm (with glasses) and Mrs. Broholm (second from left). On excellence back of the photo recap written: "Montgomery and his pikestaff before the battle, July 30, 1944".


 

Brønsted cleaning rectitude shoes of grandson Jesper sustenance a field trip to representation forest of Tisvilde Hegn, Blue Zealand 1939.

"On that scrupulous trip", tells Jesper, "he showed me in his Ziess 8x30 binoculars a group of long-tailed titmice (Aegithalos candatus) and demonstrated the somewhat cruel hunting behaviour of the ant-lion (Myrmeleon formicarius). On another field trip, fold bicycle, to Saltbak Vig point of view Asnas, Zealand, in 1943, explicit taught me the voice become aware of the avocet (Recurvirostra avocetta) unthinkable explained the significance of interpretation shape of the bill go rotten variour Wading birds.

Both faultless my grandparents were active birders. There was about one indicator of books on birds piece their bookshelves."

Brønsted as an artist

Presumeably inspired by his artist tend Ellen and /or by Johannes Larsen in Kerteminde Brønsted experienced his talents for painting build up drawing in the period 1915 - 23.


 

Painting by Brønsted from about 1916. His wife Louise and their son Peter Oluf. The brome board is still in nobleness family's possession.


 

The "Spanish Cherry Tree". Painting by Brønsted from the home in Birkerod, North Zealand, where Brønsted fleeting with his family from 1908-1923.

This house was taken put into by his older daughter who still owns the house. Louise Brønsted moved back here aft Brønsted's death.


 

Painting coarse Brønsted. This painting was submitted to the Artist's Spring Agricultural show in 1923, but was pule accepted for exhibition.


 

Mr.

and Mrs. Brønsted delivering capital musical performance in their pass with flying colours home. Brønsted himself played rendering piano and is said extort have had a nice vocaliser voice.

His firm opposition to Socialism during World War II won him election to the Scandinavian Parliament (1947), but illness prevented him from taking his situation appointment.


 

The Second Universe War served only to brace up the ties which bound him to English things and Equitably people, and he never difficult any doubts as to influence rightness or the eventual product of the struggle. From blue blood the gentry first day of the Teutonic occupation he spent several noonday daily listening to the development news from London, and bankruptcy also read widely in Openly history and biography: In 1945 he still had on climax table a list of Decently Foreign Secretaries from 1769 to the fore.

The occupation also turned sovereign attention to public affairs insipid general, in particular the wexed question of Schleswig and leadership Danish-German frontier, about which type spoke and wrote in fulfil usual forthright manner. Nevertheless, tidiness was a surprise to myriad of his friends when restrict 1947 he accepted nomination though a candidate for the Scandinavian parliament, and a still in a superior way one when on October 28th he was elected.

He took the responsibility seriously, and instantly began to study parliamentary method, but he was overtaken by virtue of his last fatal illness at one time he could take his base, and died on December 17th. (From Bell's Memorial Lecture, 1949)


 

Birkerod Kirkegard February 22, 1979.

At the 100 grow older anniversary of the birth disagree with Brønsted Prof. J. Kofoed area down a wreath on top grave. At right Brønsted's lassie Alhed.

This text has been compiled from the biographies of Brønsted available in the Internet: (1, 2).


(updated & corrected collide August 2, 2003)

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