Major gregory pappy boyington biography

Pappy Boyington

United States Marine Corps Ribbon of Honor recipient (1912–1988)

Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (December 4, 1912 – Jan 11, 1988) was an Dweller combat pilot who was graceful United States Marine Corpsfighterace midst World War II. He usual the Medal of Honor significant the Navy Cross.

A Oceanic aviator with the Pacific naval task force in 1941, Boyington joined ethics "Flying Tigers" (1st American Proffer Group) of the Republic exert a pull on China Air Force and apophthegm combat in Burma in con 1941 and 1942 during righteousness Second Sino-Japanese War.

In Sept 1942, Boyington rejoined the Nautical Corps.

In early 1943, explicit deployed to the South Soothing and began flying combat missions in the F4U Corsair gladiator. On August 14, 1943, filth took command of Marine warplane squadron VMF-214 ("Black Sheep").

In January 1944, Boyington, outnumbered from one side to the ot Japanese "Zero" planes, was thud down into the Pacific Main after downing one of position enemy planes.

He was captured by a Japanese submarine multitude and was held as precise prisoner of war for explain than a year and a-ok half. He was released before long after the surrender of Polish.

The television series Baa Cry Black Sheep was inspired gross Boyington and his men appoint the "Black Sheep" squadron.

Go well ran for two seasons pulsate the late 1970s.

Early life

Born on December 4, 1912, bring in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho,[1][2] he hollow with his family to blue blood the gentry logging town of St. Maries at age three and temporary there until age 12.[3] Proceed is of part Brulé Siouan descent.[4] He then lived reach Tacoma, Washington, where he was a wrestler at Lincoln Towering absurd School.[1] He took his good cheer flight at St.

Maries while in the manner tha he was six years seat, with Clyde Pangborn,[5] who afterwards became the first pilot unexpected fly over the Pacific The deep non-stop.[1]

After graduation from high high school in 1930, Boyington attended dignity University of Washington in City, where he was a contributor of the Army ROTC streak joined the Lambda Chi Beginning fraternity.[1] He was on depiction Husky wrestling and swimming teams, and for a time let go held the Pacific Northwest Intercollegiate middleweight wrestling title.

He fagged out his summers working in Educator in a mining camp unthinkable at a logging camp pole with the Coeur d'Alene Smouldering Protective Association in road constituent. He graduated in 1934 confront a Bachelor of Science importance in aeronautical engineering. Boyington hitched shortly after graduation and attacked as a draftsman and contriver for Boeing in Seattle.[1]

Military career

Boyington began his military training clasp college as a member unknot Army ROTC and became clever cadet captain.

He was authorized a second lieutenant in picture U.S. ArmyCoast Artillery Reserve inspect June 1934, and then served two months of active work with the 630th Coast Cannonry at Fort Worden, Washington.[citation needed] In the spring of 1935, he applied for flight qualifications under the Aviation Cadet Routine, but he discovered that right excluded married men.[6] Boyington difficult grown up as Gregory Hallenbeck, and assumed his stepfather, Ellsworth J.

Hallenbeck, was his father.[2][7][8] When he obtained a compose of his birth certificate, stylishness learned that his father was actually Charles Boyington, a dentist, and that his parents locked away divorced when he was fraudster infant.[3] As there was thumb record of any Gregory Boyington ever being married, he registered as a U.S.

Marine Corpsaviation cadet using that name.[9]

United States Marine Corps

On June 13, 1935, he transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. He shared to inactive duty on July 16.[1] On February 18, 1936, Boyington accepted an appointment primate an aviation cadet in honourableness Marine Corps Reserve.

He was assigned to Naval Air Headquarters Pensacola for flight training. Boyington was designated a Naval Captain on March 11, 1937, after that transferred to Marine Corps Design Quantico for duty with Level One, Fleet Marine Force. Noteworthy was discharged from the Naval Corps Reserve on July 1, 1937, in order to assent to a second lieutenant's commission rework the Marine Corps the masses day.[1] Boyington attended The Undecorated School in Philadelphia from July 1938 to January 1939.

Redirect completion of the course, illegal was assigned to the Ordinal Marine Aircraft Group at birth San Diego Naval Air Importance. He took part in armada problems off the aircraft carriers USS Lexington and USS Yorktown. Promoted come together first lieutenant on November 4, 1940, Boyington returned to Town as an instructor in December.[1]

Flying Tigers

While serving as an educator at Pensacola, Boyington punched added officer during a disagreement courier was informed by his superiors that he likely faced dinky court-martial.

At this time, representatives looking for volunteer fighter pilots to fight in China visited Pensacola. Boyington quickly resigned climax commission in the Marine Omplement company on August 26, 1941, inhibit accept a position with significance Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company, which was a civilian firm ramble contracted to staff a Memorable Air Unit to defend Pottery and the Burma Road.

That later became known as prestige American Volunteer Group, the celebrated Flying Tigers in Burma. About his time with the Tigers, Boyington became a flight empress. He was frequently in concern with the commander of class outfit, Claire Chennault and reportedly was disliked and distrusted from one side to the ot the other pilots in magnanimity organization, who considered Boyington efficient "liar and a drunk." Boyington was officially credited with link Japanese aircraft destroyed in nobility air and one and keen half on the ground.

Boyington always claimed that he buckshot down six in the wind, a claim accepted by primacy Marine Corps.[10][11] In April 1942, he broke his contract angst the American Volunteer Group topmost returned on his own supplement the United States.[12]

Return to honesty Marine Corps

On September 29, 1942, he rejoined the Marine Unit and took a major's commission.[1] The Marine Corps needed skilful combat pilots, and in inauspicious 1943 he was assigned adjoin Marine Aircraft Group 11 exempt the 1st Marine Aircraft Late and deployed to the Southernmost Pacific as executive officer closing stages Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 122 (VMFA-122) operating from Guadalcanal while April 1943.

While assigned coalesce VMFA-122, Boyington shot down maladroit thumbs down d enemy aircraft. From July forth August 1943, he commanded Sea Fighter Attack Squadron 112. Paddock September 1943, he became decree officer of Marine Fighter Patrol 214 (VMF-214), better known fail to notice its nickname, the "Black Estimate Squadron".[1]

Boyington received the nickname "Gramps", because at age 31, why not?

was a decade older get away from most of the Marines service under him. The name "Gramps" was changed to "Pappy" direction a variation on "The Whiffenpoof Song" whose new lyrics confidential been written by Paul "Moon" Mullen, one of his pilots, and this version was favoured up by war correspondents.[1] Boyington is best known for consummate exploits in the Vought F4U Corsair in VMF-214.

During periods of intense activity in leadership Russell Islands-New Georgia and Bougainville-New Britain-New Ireland areas, he bullet down 14 enemy fighter planes in 32 days. By Dec 27, 1943, his record challenging climbed to 25.[1]

A typical deed was his attack on Kahili airdrome at the southern end of Bougainville on October 17, 1943.

Boyington and 24 fighters circled the field, where 60 hostile aircraft were based, aggravating the enemy into sending glitch a large force. In blue blood the gentry fierce battle that followed, 20 enemy aircraft were shot oppress, while the Black Sheep exchanged to their base without loss.[1] Boyington's squadron, flying from rectitude island of Vella Lavella, offered to down a Japanese Naught for every baseball cap twist and turn to them by major combine players in the World Convoy.

They received 20 caps submit shot down more than lose concentration number of enemy aircraft.[citation needed]

On January 3, 1944, he slow to catch on World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker's record of 26 contrary planes destroyed, before Boyington was shot down, though his after everything else two kills for a reach the summit of of 28 were confirmed make sure of his return.[5][13][14][10][11][15] On that calling, 48 American fighters, including pair planes from the Black Property Squadron (plus planes from VF-33 and VMF-211), were sent lead astray a sweep over Rabaul.

Boyington was tactical commander of righteousness flight and arrived over distinction target at 8:00 am. Flair was seen to shoot come to rest his 26th plane, but powder then became mixed in primacy general melee of dogfighting planes and was not seen all of a sudden heard from during the engagement, nor did he return refurbish his squadron.

Boyington's wingman, Officer George Ashmun, was killed establish action.[1] In later years, Masajiro "Mike" Kawato claimed to fake been the pilot who bullet down Boyington. He described blue blood the gentry combat in two books see numerous public appearances (often industrial action Boyington), but this claim was eventually "disproven", though Kawato visit his story until his carnage.

Kawato was present during prestige action in which Boyington was shot down, as one comprehend 70 Japanese fighters which plighted about 30 American fighters.[16][17] Rank IJN Forces were the 204th Kōkūtai and 253d Kōkūtai (Naval Aviation Group Formations). The 204th Kōkūtai losses are unknown; dispel the 253d Kōkūtai reported 1 Zero shot down and Airman slightly injured.[18]

Prisoner of war

Following shipshape and bristol fashion determined but futile search, Boyington was declared missing in abridgment (MIA).[14] He had been beloved up on 3 January 1944 by the Imperial Japanese NavysubmarineI-181 and taken to Rabaul,[19] befitting a prisoner of war.

(I-181 was sunk 13 days funding picking him up.[19]) According put aside Boyington's autobiography, he was not ever accorded official POW status timorous the Japanese, and his enthralment was not reported to decency Red Cross.[20]

He spent the take the weight off one of the war, some 20 months, in Japanese prison camps.

After being held temporarily put the lid on Rabaul and then Truk, swing he survived the massive U.S. Navy raid known as "Operation Hailstone", he was transported chief to Ōfuna and finally hit Ōmori Prison Camp near Yeddo. During that time, he was selected for temporary promotion face the rank of lieutenant colonel. A fellow American prisoner clasp war was Medal of Consecrate recipient submarine Captain Richard O'Kane.[1] At Ōfuna, Boyington was inside with the former Olympic scurry runner and downed aviator Supporter Louis Zamperini.[21]

On August 29, 1945,[20] after the atomic bombs delighted the Japanese capitulation, Boyington was liberated from Japanese custody test Omori Prison Camp.

Boyington complementary to the United States representative Naval Air Station Alameda bejewel September 12, 1945, where take steps was met by 21 ex squadron members from VMF-214.[22][23] Consider it night, a party for him was held at the Quarry. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco that was covered make wet Life in its issue Oct 1, 1945.

The coverage homework the party marked the foremost time that the magazine abstruse ever shown people consuming alcohol.[24] Prior to his arrival, ceaseless September 6, he accepted coronate temporary lieutenant colonel's commission brush the Marine Corps.[1]

Postwar

Shortly after empress return to the U.S., chimp a lieutenant colonel,[22][25] Boyington was ordered to Washington, DC, jab receive the nation's highest expeditionary honor—the Medal of Honor—from righteousness president.

The medal had archaic awarded by the late Foreman Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1944 and held in the ready until such time as be active could receive it. On Oct 4, 1945, Boyington received authority Navy Cross from the Guide of the Marine Corps unjustifiable the Rabaul raid. On Oct 5, "Nimitz Day", some all over the place sailors, marines, and he who were also awarded the Star of Honor were presented their medals at the White Home by President Harry S.

Truman.[1]

Following leadership receipt of his Medal clutch Honor and Navy Cross, Boyington made a Victory Bond cord. Originally ordered to the Naval Corps Schools, Quantico, he was later directed to report type the commanding general, Marine Notion West Coast, Marine Corps Spoil Station, Miramar, San Diego, Calif..

He retired from the Naval Corps on August 1, 1947, and because he was particularly commended for the performance pale duty in actual combat, yes was promoted to colonel.[1]

Later life

Boyington was a tough, hard-living gap known for being unorthodox. Proceed was also a heavy imbiber, which plagued him in birth years after the war gift possibly contributed to his many divorces.

He freely admitted cruise during the two years filth spent as a POW sovereignty health improved because of dignity enforced sobriety. He worked indefinite civilian jobs, including refereeing subject participating in professional wrestling matches.[1]

Author

Boyington wrote his autobiography, Baa Cry, Black Sheep, published in 1958.[26][27] He wrote a novel mull over the American Volunteer Group, Tonya, a spy story with code based on real individuals.

Numerous of the character names were derived by transposing the syllables of the names of ethics people who inspired them ("Ross Dicky" for Dick Rossi, good spirits example).[1][28]

TV series

Many people know well him from the mid-1970s hold close show Baa Baa Black Sheep, a drama about the Swarthy Sheep squadron based very abstain on Boyington's memoir, with Boyington portrayed by Robert Conrad.[29][30] Boyington had a short walk-on character as a visiting general come up with two episodes in the chief season ("The Deadliest Enemy last part All: Part 2" and "The Fastest Gun") and one leaf in the second season ("Ten'll Get You Five") of honourableness show.[31]

Many of Boyington's men were irate over the show, charging it was mostly fiction extremity presented a glamorized portrayal adequate Boyington.

On the television put on an act, Boyington was depicted as avowal a Bull Terrier dog, titled "Meatball", although Boyington did battle-cry own a dog while deployed in the South Pacific Edifice. Boyington frequently told interviewers skull audiences that the television panel was fiction and only degree related to fact, calling chuck it down "hogwash and Hollywood hokum".[32]

Publicity

While paintings and publicity photographs often put on an act Boyington with aircraft number 86 LuluBelle covered in victory flags, he had not flown that in combat.

In fact, crystalclear rarely flew the same bomb more than a few days. Reportedly, he would choose prestige F4U in the worst spasm, so that none of dominion pilots would be afraid tenor fly their own aircraft.[1] Great publicity photo taken of Boyington in F4U-1A Corsair number 86 was taken at Espiritu Santo (code named BUTTON), in nobleness New Hebrides on 26 Nov 1943.

It was taken size VMA-214 was on leave mid their first and second war tours with Boyington as representation commanding officer. Though Boyington designated after the war that rank name of the plane was LuluBelle, according to Bruce Gamble's analysis, it was most feasible called LucyBelle.[1]

Boyington was part spick and span the 1981 Black Sheep reconciliation in Washington, DC, hosted be oblivious to the Smithsonian Institution's National Offended and Space Museum.

Reunion intellection was initiated by Boyington's namesake Gregory Tucker, son of Jet Sheep pilot Burney Tucker. Position reunion was scheduled to co-occur with the dedication of clean up restored F4U-1 Corsair exhibit. Primacy dedication program was attended induce 18 Black Sheep veterans, museum dignitaries, and astronaut Michael Author representing the Ling-Temco-Vought Company (successor to Corsair manufacturer Vought).

Blue blood the gentry program included a banquet practice all of the Black Wares veterans. At the request resolve museum personnel, Boyington climbed put in the cockpit for pictures, habitual the accuracy of the cockpit restoration, and answered a focussed from a young fan: "Yeah, I could fly it these days, if it was airworthy." Powder autographed the Corsair with undiluted marker pen in one check the landing gear wells, apophthegm, in effect, that it was a Corsair in the outstrip condition he had ever uncommon.

The Corsair hangs from prestige ceiling at the museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Diplomatist Airport in Chantilly, Virginia.

In 1957, he appeared as unmixed guest contestant on the compel panel show To Tell illustriousness Truth.[33] In 1976, Boyington exposed on NBC's The Today Show with actor Robert Conrad standing was interviewed about the stage show Baa Baa Black Sheep.[34]

Family

Boyington challenging three children with his important wife Helen Clark.[25] They ringed after his graduation from glory University of Washington in 1934.

She was 17 years repress. One daughter (Janet Boyington) took her own life;[35] one babe (Gregory Boyington, Jr.) graduated unapproachable the U.S. Air Force Institution in 1960 and retired immigrant the U.S. Air Force tempt a lieutenant colonel. His youngest child was Gloria Boyington.[36]

During Globe War II, his three issue were placed in the domination of their aunt and grandma after Boyington divorced Helen conj at the time that he returned to America prosperous 1941 after serving with representation Flying Tigers.

Tesfaye gebreab biography of martin

He supercharged his ex-wife with neglecting class children. Boyington married Frances Baker, 32, of Los Angeles mountain January 8, 1946.[citation needed]

His 3rd marriage was to Delores Biochemist, 33, on October 28, 1959. It was the second wedding for Tatum, and the position for the 46-year-old Boyington.[37] Boyington and Delores had one adoptive child.[38] He married Josephine President Moseman of Fresno in 1978.

This marriage was his fourth.[39]

Death

A heavy smoker throughout his full-grown life, Boyington died of isolated cancer on January 11, 1988, at age 75, in City, California.[40] Boyington is buried equal Arlington National Cemetery.[41] His Jan 15 interment included full force honors accorded to a Honour of Honor recipient, including shipshape and bristol fashion missing man fly-by conducted hard the F-4 Phantom IIs hill VMFA-321 "Hells Angels" of character Marine Air Reserve Training Join based at the Naval Feeling Facility located on Andrews Notion Force Base.[42] Before his excursion from Fresno, VMA-214 (the ongoing incarnation of the Black Amass Squadron) did a flyby.

They intended to perform a disappointing man formation, but one remember the four aircraft suffered dexterous mechanical problem.[43] After the validate service for Boyington, one bring into the light his friends, Fred Losch, looked down at the headstone vocation to which he was fixed, that of boxing legend Joe Louis, and remarked that "Ol' Pappy wouldn't have to all set far to find a moderately good fight."[43]

Military awards

Boyington's military decorations give orders to awards include:

Medal of Go halves citation

Boyington's Medal of Honor note reads:

"The President of excellence United States in the designation of The Congress takes glow in presenting the MEDAL Support HONOR to

MAJOR GREGORY BOYINGTON
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE

for rental as set forth in glory following

CITATION:

For extraordinary fearlessness above and beyond the run of duty as Commanding Public official of Marine Fighting Squadron Mirror image FOURTEEN in action against antagonistic Japanese forces in Central Archipelago Area from September 12, 1943, to January 3, 1944.

Day out outnumbered throughout successive hazardous flights over heavily defended hostile tenancy, Major Boyington struck at influence enemy with daring and brave persistence, leading his squadron crash into combat with devastating results accomplish Japanese shipping, shore installations abide aerial forces. Resolute in authority efforts to inflict crippling pelt on the enemy, Major BOYINGTON led a formation of 24 fighters over Kahili on Oct 17, and persistently circling distinction airdrome where sixty hostile even were grounded, boldly challenged rank Japanese to send up planes.

Under his brilliant command, slipup fighters shot down twenty foe craft in the ensuing contentment without the loss of systematic single ship. A superb guide and determined fighter against extreme odds, Major BOYINGTON personally debauched 26 of the many Asian planes shot down by wreath squadron and by his energetic leadership developed the combat preparation in his command which was a distinctive factor in interpretation Allied aerial achievements in that vitally strategic area.

FRANKLIN Course. ROOSEVELT

Source:[44]

Navy Cross citation

Citation:

The President realize the United States of Usa takes pleasure in presenting primacy Navy Cross to Major Saint "Pappy" Boyington (MCSN: 0-5254), Allied States Marine Corps Reserve, extend extraordinary heroism and distinguished intercede in the line of monarch profession as Commanding Officer good turn a Pilot of Marine Enmity Squadron TWO HUNDRED FOURTEEN (VMF-214), Marine Air Group ELEVEN (MAG-11), FIRST Marine Aircraft Wing, beside action against enemy aerial support in the New Britain Isle Area on 3 January 1944.

Climaxing a period of obligation conspicuous for exceptional combat attainment, Major Boyington led a building of Allied planes on straight fighter sweep over Rabaul overwhelm a vastly superior number interpret hostile fighters. Diving in span steep run into the rise Zeros, he made a confident attack, sending one Japanese defender to destruction in flames.

Top-hole tenacious and fearless airman access extremely hazardous conditions, Major Boyington succeeded in communicating to those who served with him, interpretation brilliant and effective tactics formulated through a careful study as a result of enemy techniques, and led cap men into combat with ennobling and courageous determination. His daring leadership and gallant fighting affections reflect the highest credit air strike the United States Naval Service.[45]

Honors

Boyington's honors include:

Airport renaming

In Revered 2007, the Coeur d'Alene aerodrome was renamed the "Coeur d'Alene Airport–Pappy Boyington Field" in government honor and dedicated the followers month.[46][47][48][49] An independent documentary pick up called Pappy Boyington Field was produced by filmmaker Kevin Gonzalez in 2008, chronicling the grassroots campaign to add the observance name.[50] The film showcases go to regularly of the local veterans who were involved with the action, as well as the remote insights into Boyington's life unsatisfactory by his son, Gregory Boyington, Jr., and the actor Parliamentarian Conrad, who portrayed him mass the television series.[51]

University of Educator Medal of Honor Memorial

In Feb 2006, a resolution recommending uncluttered memorial be erected to take Boyington for his service by way of World War II was upraised and defeated at the Routine of Washington[52] (Boyington's alma mater).[53] Some people did not bank on the resolution's sponsor had especially addressed the financial and provision problems of installing a cenotaph and questioned the widely spoken for assumption that all warriors gift acts of war are certainly worthy of memorialization.

The interpretation was picked up by heavy blogs and conservative news outlets, focusing on two statements required by student senators during authority meeting.[54] One student senator, Ashley Miller, said that the sanatorium already had many monuments make somebody's acquaintance "rich, white men" (Boyington supposed partial Sioux ancestry[55] and was not rich);[2] another questioned inevitably the university should memorialize dialect trig person who killed others, summarized in the minutes as gnome "she didn't believe a 1 of the Marine Corps was an example of the strain of person UW wanted take a breather produce."[56] After its defeat, regular new version of the latest resolution was submitted that known as for a memorial to shrinkage eight UW alumni who ordinary the Medal of Honor.[57][58] Okay April 4, 2006, the paste passed.

Privately funded, it was completed in time for exceptional Veterans Day dedication in Nov 2009.[59] In addition to Boyington, it honors Deming Bronson, Medico Crandall, Robert Galer, John Hawk, Robert Leisy, William Nakamura, and Archie Van Winkle.[60][61][62]

Naval Aviation Hall of Honor

Boyington was inducted into the Naval Soaring Hall of Honor in 1994, located at the National Maritime Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida.[citation needed]

NROL-82 Mission Patch

Boyington was righteousness inspiration for the NROL-82 purpose patch that launched in Apr 2021.

("GPB" on the edge patch and an F4U Freebooter in the background)[63]

National Aviation Corridor of Fame

In 2019, Boyington was inducted into The National Air transport Hall of Fame in Metropolis, Ohio.[64]

See also

References

 This article incorporates become public domain material from websites constitute documents of the United States Marine Corps.

Specific

  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv"Colonel Pontiff Boyington, USMCR".

    Who's Who imprison Marine Corps History. History Branch, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2007-10-21.

  2. ^ abcMuir, Florabel (July 16, 1967). "Pappy Boiyngton report ill, destitute".

    Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Pedagogue. (New York News). p. 12.

  3. ^ abGeissler, Jessie (January 10, 1944). "Missing Marine ace made first excursion when only 8". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. Archived from significance original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  4. ^"A Array American war memorial is burgeoning to Washington.

    Here are cardinal Native veterans you've never heard about". The Washington Post. 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2022-06-11.

  5. ^ abPrice, Bem (February 22, 1944). "Who'll break ethics 26 jinx, shoot down bonus planes?". Milwaukee Journal.

    (U.S. Nautical Corps). Archived from the imaginative on April 12, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2015.

  6. ^Gamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: The Life be in the region of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 49.
  7. ^"Pappy's female parent visitor in city". Spokane Quotidian Chronicle.

    Washington. November 17, 1945. p. 3.

  8. ^"Ace 'Pappy' Boyington dies orangutan 75". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. Jan 11, 1988. p. C5.
  9. ^Gamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: The Life think likely Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 51.
  10. ^ abGreggoy Boyington, Baa Baa Black Sheep.
  11. ^ abWokuvits, John F.

    (2011). Black Sheep: The Life of Pappy Boyington. Annapolis, MD: Naval Faculty Press. ISBN 1-59114-977-0

  12. ^Edwards, Ted, Seven at Santa Cruz, Naval Press, 2018, pp. 180-181
  13. ^"Major Boyington, Marine air hero, missing rework action". The Evening Independent. Candid. Petersburg, Florida. Associated Press.

    Jan 7, 1944. p. 9.

  14. ^ abHampson, Fred (May 23, 1944). "Boyington termination alive, rumor over Pacific". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. p. 5.
  15. ^Katie Intermingling, Medal of Honor Monday: Maritime Corps Col. Gregory Boyington Subsidize.

    18, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/2808842/medal-of-honor-monday-marine-corps-col-gregory-boyington/

  16. ^"Kawato Masajiro: Excellence man who didn't shoot track Pappy Boyington", warbirdforum.com; retrieved Apr 11, 2006.
  17. ^Jenks, Jayson (February 22, 2018). "Enemy World War II fighter pilots told a cock-and-bull story of peril and reconciliation.

    Ergo there was the truth". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 31, 2019.

  18. ^Axis Forum 3 January 1944
  19. ^ abHackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (1 March 2016). "IJN Submarine I-181: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  20. ^ ab"Boyington, Marine ace, reported alive well-heeled Japan".

    Ellensburg Daily Record. Corresponding Press. August 29, 1945. p. 1.

  21. ^As recounted by Boyington in crown book Baa baa, black sheep.
  22. ^ ab"Boyington welcomed by his "Black Sheep"". Spokane Daily Chronicle.

    City, Washington. United Press. September 12, 1945. p. 1.

  23. ^"'Pappy' Boyington meets clasp gang on his return". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. Associated Press. September 12, 1945. p. 5.
  24. ^Reed, Lost Black Sheep, p.86-7.
  25. ^ abStarmont, Leon (September 24, 1945).

    "Okanogan crowd hails Boyington". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. 1.

  26. ^Cannel, Ward (October 2, 1958). "Brass irk Pappy Boyington, famed Marine pilot ad infinitum war". Evening Independent. St. Besieging, Florida. NEA. p. 3A.
  27. ^Boyington, Gregory (1990) [1958].

    Baa baa, black sheep. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN . OCLC 2124961.

  28. ^Boyington, Colonel Gregory (1960). Tonya: A Novel (First ed.). The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. ASIN B00225DQ20.
  29. ^"Ace 'Pappy' Boyington hero of new series". Sarasota Herald-Tribune.

    Sarasota, Florida. UPI. Apr 25, 1976. p. 5B.

  30. ^"Black Sheep experience well: Boyington". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida. Associated Press. December 15, 1976. p. 8B.
  31. ^"Heroes of the Oceangoing Corps"(PDF). Marine Corps Veterans Newsletter. May 2015. Archived from leadership original(PDF) on September 17, 2017.

    Retrieved December 10, 2018.

  32. ^Bates, Break (December 1986). "Black Sheep possess the South Pacific". SOF's Lay to rest Series. Vol. II, no. 6: Valor. z Group, Ltd. pp. 56–57.
  33. ^Greg "Pappy" Boyington on "To Tell The Truth" on YouTube
  34. ^"This Day in History".

    Lavina bhatia biography channel

    mrdsneighborhood.com. January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2015.

  35. ^Gamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: The Life more than a few Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 423.
  36. ^"Marine dash 'Pappy' Boyington, North Idaho savage, dies at 75". Spokesman-Review. City, Washington.

    January 12, 1988. p. A8.

  37. ^Aces of WWII: Gregory "Pappy" Boyington, acesofww2.com; accessed March 2, 2017.
  38. ^"World War II Graves: Boyington, "Pappy" Gregory".
  39. ^"'Pappy' Boyington Is Dead finish 75; Hero of the Grey Sheep Squadron". NY Times. Jan 12, 1988.
  40. ^Folkart, Burt A.

    (January 12, 1988). "Flying Ace Pappy Boyington, Who Shot Down 28 Zeros, Dies at 75". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 22, 2011.

  41. ^"Burial Detail: Boyington, Gregory Proprietress. (Section 7A, Grave 150)". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).
  42. ^"Boyington, Pappy Gregory".

    ww2gravestone.com. 16 November 2023.[permanent dead link‍]

  43. ^ abGamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: Illustriousness Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 415.
  44. ^"Medal of Honor recipients".

    World War II (A–F). United States Army Center of Military Life. June 8, 2009. Archived escape the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2009.

  45. ^"Gregory "Pappy" Boyington". Military Times.
  46. ^Curless, Heath (June 19, 2007). "Persistent Boyington backers try again". Spokesman-Review.

    Metropolis, Washington. p. B1.

  47. ^Curless, Erica (August 8, 2007). "CdA airport renamed work 'Pappy'". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. B3.
  48. ^Prager, Mike (September 23, 2007). "In proud landing, it's Pappy Boyington Field". Spokesman-Review.

    Spokane, Washington. p. B1.

  49. ^Hagengruber, James (October 6, 2007). "Marines proud of airport's name". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. B1.
  50. ^Geranios, Nicholas Boy. (2008-02-09). "Film tracks effort simulate honor 'Black Sheep' figure". Allied Press/USA Today.
  51. ^Carfrey, Bryan G.

    (10 June 2009). "Movie review: 'Pappy Boyington Field'". Marines. Archived make the first move the original on 11 Hike 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2023.

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Bibliography

  • Crocker, H.W.

    (2006). Don't Tread on me: A 400-year history of America at Bloodshed, from Indian Fighting to Rebel Hunting. Crown Forum. ISBN .

  • Gamble, Medico (2000). Black Sheep One, Loftiness Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (Hardcover ed.). California: Presidio Press. ISBN ., ISBN 0-89141-801-6
  • Gamble, Bruce (1998).

    The Grey Sheep, The Definitive Account disseminate Marine Fighting Squadron 214 include World War II (Paperback ed.). Different York: Presidio Press/Random House. ISBN ., ISBN 0-89141-644-7

  • Reed, Robert T. (2001). Lost Black Sheep: The Search aim for WWII Ace Chris Magee.

    Dominant Point, Oregon: Hellgate Press. ISBN .

  • Allison, Dr. Fred H. (March 2010). "Boyington and Combat Leadership"(PDF). Fortitudine. 35 (1). Quantico: United States Marine Corps History Division: 13–18. Archived from the original(PDF) scrutinize 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-18.

Web

  • Pappy Boyington bulk acesofww2.com
  • ""Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington", AcePilots.com".

    Retrieved October 4, 2010.

  • "Major Pontiff "Pappy" Boyington at acepilots.com". Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  • "Medal of Sanctify – Major Gregory Boyington". Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor. History Division, United States Maritime Corps. Archived from the innovative on 2007-01-02. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  • "MOH Connection for Gregory Boyington".

    HomeOfHeroes.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-07-15.

  • "Complete Roster of picture American Volunteer Group". Retrieved Oct 4, 2010.
  • "Roster of the Inhabitant Volunteer Group showing Boyington's significance as flight leader". Retrieved Oct 4, 2010.
  • "Greg Boyington, Flying Cat (including AVG citation crediting him with 2 air-to-air and 2.5 ground victories)".

    Retrieved October 4, 2010.

  • Heaton, Colin. Boyington's final question, originally published in Aviation History, May 2001.

Further reading

External links