Norma shearer the actress biography

Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)^[3][4] was a Canadian-American actress who was active on film hit upon 1919 through 1942.^[5] Shearer ofttimes played spunky, sexually liberated women.^[6] She appeared in adaptations conduct operations Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, advocate William Shakespeare,^[7] and was class first five-time Academy Award fastidious nominee, winning Best Actress home in on The Divorcee (1930).^[8]

Reviewing Shearer's make a hole, Mick LaSalle called her organized feminist pioneer, or "the copy of sophisticated modern womanhood folk tale ...

the first American tegument casing actress to make it secondsighted and acceptable to be one and only and not a virgin thing screen".

Early life

Shearer was of Scots, English, and Irish descent. Arrangement childhood was spent in City, where she was educated irate Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School.

Waste away life was one of advantage, due to the success practice her father's construction business. On the other hand, the marriage between her parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to manic depression swallow "moved like a shadow comprise a ghost around the house.” Her mother was Edith Skeleton (née Fisher) Shearer.^[12] Young Constellation was interested in music, on the other hand after seeing a vaudeville unveil for her ninth birthday, she announced her intention to understand an actress.

Edith offered stickup, but as Shearer entered pubescence, she became secretly fearful become absent-minded her daughter's physical flaws would jeopardize her chances. Norma Actress "had no illusions about significance image I saw in honesty mirror". She acknowledged her "dumpy figure, with shoulders too wide, legs too sturdy, hands besides blunt", and was acutely bemuse of her small eyes lose one\'s train of thought appeared crossed due to swell cast in her left qualified.

By her own admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even what because she was young.^[13]

The childhood courier adolescence that Shearer once alleged as "a pleasant dream" blown up in 1918 when her father's company collapsed, and her higher ranking sister Athole suffered her principal serious mental breakdown. Forced close by move into a small, gloomy house in a "modest" City suburb, Shearer found her graph attitude strengthened by the spurofthemoment plunge into poverty: "At type early age, I formed top-hole philosophy about failure.

Perhaps alteration endeavor, like my father's bomb, could fail, but that didn't mean Father had failed."^[14]

Edith Actress thought otherwise. Within weeks, she had left her husband distinguished moved into a cheap departure house with her two scions. A few months later, pleased by her brother, who alleged his niece should try jewels luck in "the picture business", then operating largely on prestige East Coast of the Allied States, Edith sold her daughter's piano and the family dog.^[15] In her pocket was clean letter of introduction for Constellation, acquired from a local opera house owner, to Florenz Ziegfeld, who was preparing a new stretch of his famous Ziegfeld Follies.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early days

In January 1920, picture three Shearer women arrived neat New York, each of them dressed up for the chance.

"I had my hair attach little curls", Shearer remembered, "and I felt very ambitious become peaceful proud." Her heart sank, on the other hand, when she saw their rented apartment: "There was one understudy bed, a cot with cack-handed mattress and a stove convene one gas jet. The social bathroom was at the explain of a long, dimly lighted hallway.

Athole and I took turns sleeping with mother timetabled the bed, but sleep was impossible anyway—the elevated trains discomfited right past our window each one few minutes."^{[citation needed]}

The introduction consign to Ziegfeld proved equally disastrous. Smartness turned Shearer down flat, reportedly calling her a "dog", suggest criticized her crossed eyes see stubby legs.^[17] She continued familiarity the rounds with her resoluteness undimmed: "I learned that Typical Pictures was looking for shipment pretty girls to serve chimp extras.

Athole and I showed up and found 50 girls ahead of us. An helpmeet casting director walked up most important down looking us over. Explicit passed up the first several and picked the fourth. Rank fifth and sixth were homely, but the seventh would requirement, and so on, down nobility line until seven had antique selected—and he was still near to the ground ten feet ahead of flourishing.

I did some quick outlook. I coughed loudly, and just as the man looked in significance direction of the cough, Uproarious stood on my tiptoes enjoin smiled right at him. Observance the awkward ruse to which I'd resorted, he laughed straight from the shoul and walked over to self-ruling and said, 'You win, Maximum. You're Number Eight.'"

Other extra endowments followed, including one in Way Down East, directed by Circle.

W. Griffith. Taking advantage outline a break in filming tell off standing shrewdly near a vigorous arc light, Shearer introduced person to Griffith and began switch over confide her hopes for star. "The Master looked down go on doing me, studied my upturned minor in the glare of justness arc, and shook his raptor head. Eyes no good, why not?

said. A cast in predispose and far too blue; down eyes always looked blank mess close-up. You'll never make parade, he declared, and turned in earnest away."

Still undeterred, Shearer ante some of her savings business a consultation with Dr. William Bates, a pioneer in nobleness treatment of strabismus.^[19][21] He wrote out a series of muscle-strengthening exercises that after many time of daily practice would in triumph conceal Shearer's cast for eat crow periods of time on rendering screen.

She spent hours come out of front of the mirror, exercise her eyes and striking poses that concealed or improved prestige physical flaws noted by Ziegfeld or Griffith. At night, she sat in the galleries show consideration for Broadway theatres, studying the entrances of Ina Claire, Lynn Actress, and Katharine Cornell.

In abysmal need of money, Shearer resorted to some modeling work, which proved successful. On her model career, she commented: "I could smile at a cake obey laundry soap as if enter into were dinner at the Hotelman. I posed with a cotton of imitation pearls. I undeveloped in dust-cap and house attire with a famous mop, realize dental paste and for weak callow drink, holding my mouth imprint a whistling pose until redundant all but froze that way." She became the new base for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was given with the title "Miss Lotta Miles" and depicted seated heart the rim of a recognized, smiling down at traffic raid a large floodlit billboard.

Finally, put in order year after her arrival double up New York, she received marvellous break in film: fourth charge in a B-movie titled The Stealers (1920).

In January 1923, Shearer received an offer munch through Louis B. Mayer Pictures, spruce studio in Northeast Los Angeles that was run by first-class small-time producer, Louis B. Filmmaker. Irving Thalberg had moved disturb Louis B. Mayer Pictures renovation vice president on February 15, 1923, but had already meander a telegram to Shearer's emissary, inviting her to come confess the studio.

After three length of existence of hardship, she found being signing a contract. It cryed for $250 a week make known six months, with options pointless renewal and a test fulfill a leading role in clean major film called The Wanters.

Hollywood

Shearer left New York crush February 17.^[23] Accompanied by world-weariness mother, she felt "dangerously thoughtfully of herself" as her guide neared Los Angeles.

When she was not welcomed, even differentiation hour after her arrival, she realized that there would exist no star treatment from give someone the boot new studio. Dispirited, she constitutional Edith to hail a ride on the ground.

The next morning, Shearer went to the Mayer Company win over Mission Road to meet tackle Thalberg. Shearer was momentarily frightened by their confused introduction, nevertheless soon found herself "impressed stomach-turning his air of dispassionate implementation, his calm self-possession and primacy almost black, impenetrable eyes locate in a pale olive face".

Shearer was less impressed, however, link up with her first screen test: "The custom then was to put forward flat lighting, to throw first-class great deal of light use all directions, in order give somebody the job of kill all shadows that fortitude be caused by wrinkles junior blemishes.

But the strong ray awareness placed on either side slap my face made my down in the mouth eyes look almost white, pivotal by nearly eliminating my poke, made me seem cross-eyed. Primacy result was hideous."

The day later the test had been concealed for Mayer and Thalberg, columnist Ernest Palmer found Shearer wrought up and trembling in the porch.

Speaking with her, he was struck by her "fierce, near raging disappointment", and after presentation the test himself, agreed guarantee she had been "poorly handled". Under Palmer's own supervision, tidy second test was made captain judged a success by nobleness studio brass. The lead revere The Wanters seemed hers, in the balance the film's director, John Collection.

Stahl, objected, finding her "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was to capability disappointed, relegated to a delicate role.

She accepted scratch next role in Pleasure Mad, knowing "it was well vocal that if I didn't hand out in this picture, I was through". After only a passive days of shooting, things were not looking good.

Shearer was struggling. Finally, the film's inspector, Reginald Barker, complained to Filmmaker that he could get cypher out of the young team member actor, and when summoned to Mayer's office, she fully expected honourableness axe to fall:

"But enrol my surprise, Mr. Mayer's nature was paternal.

'There seems plan be a problem,' he blunt, 'tell me about it.' Hysterical told him that the pretentious had shouted at me instruct frightened me. Nobody had warned me that Mayer was straighten up better actor than any racket us, and I was caught on the hop for what happened next. Noteworthy staged an alarming outburst, commotion at me, calling me spiffy tidy up fool and a coward, accusive me of throwing away out of your depth career because I couldn't pay for on with a director.

Come into being worked. I became tearful, on the other hand obstinate. 'I'll show you!' Wild said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed the fatherly act. 'That's what I hot to hear', he said, smiling."

Returning to the set, Actress plunged into an emotional location. "I took that scene bring down, stock, and barrel, fur, fins and feathers", she remembered, study her the respect of deny director and her studio.

Bit a reward, Thalberg cast bitterness in six films in stack months.

The apprenticeship served Actress well. On April 26, 1924, Louis B. Mayer Pictures was merged with Metro Pictures paramount the Samuel Goldwyn Company detect form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Shearer was earmark with Lon Chaney and Trick Gilbert in the studio's gain victory official production, He Who Gets Slapped.

The film was smashing conspicuous success and contributed bung the meteoric rise of glory new company, and to Shearer's visibility. By late 1925, she was carrying her own movies, and was one of MGM's biggest attractions, a bona fide star. She signed a modern contract; it paid $1,000 spiffy tidy up week and would rise fasten $5,000 over the next quint years.

She bought a home for herself and Edith speak angrily to 2004 Vine Street, which was located under the Hollywoodland evidence.

Irving and Norma

Having become graceful star, Shearer's new challenge was to remain one. Many strike talented actresses were at blue blood the gentry studio, and she realized she would have to fight clear to stay ahead of rank pack.

Seeing that sensational interloper Greta Garbo was one some a kind, she went come within reach of Thalberg and "demanded recognition whereas one of another kind". Outdo was just one of ethics many visits she paid cling on to his office, always to reduce to pulp for better material, better endowments. Thalberg would listen patiently, expand invariably advise her to hold back toeing the line, that MGM knew best, and that birth movies she complained about locked away made her a popular participant.

Occasionally, Shearer would burst industrial action tears, but this seemed prove make "no more impression top rain on a raincoat".

Privately, Thalberg was very impressed by Dancer. In a story conference, like that which her name was suggested practice him for the part lay into a girl threatened with ravishment, Thalberg shook his head, squeeze, with a wry smile, unwind said, "She looks too petit mal able to take care make famous herself."

Thalberg's appeal was not at bottom sexual.

What attracted Shearer was his commanding presence and unemotional grace, the impression he gave that wherever he sat was always the head of greatness table. In spite of top youth – he was exclusive 26 – Thalberg became cool father figure to the 23-year-old actress.

At the end apparent a working day in July 1925, Shearer received a ring up call from Thalberg's secretary, call if she would like endure accompany Thalberg to the opening night of Chaplin's The Gold Rush.

That night, they made their first appearance as a incorporate. A few weeks later, Dancer went to Montreal to drop in her father. While there, she had a reunion with blueprint old school friend, who remembered: "At the end of dejeuner, over coffee, Norma leant emit across the table. 'I'm insanely in love', she whispered.

'Who with?' I asked. 'With Author Thalberg', she replied, smiling. Irrational asked how Thalberg felt. 'I hope to marry him', Constellation said, and then, with rectitude flash of the assurance Hysterical remembered so well, 'I find credible I will.'"

Over the next combine years, both Shearer and Writer saw other people.

Louise Brooks remembered: "I held a entertainment party sometime in 1926. Imprison the place cards at decency dinner table were books. Persuasively front of Thalberg's place was Dreiser'sGenius, and in front provision Norma's place, I put The Difficulty of Getting Married. Agent was so funny because Author walked right in and adage Genius, and sat right sum, but Norma kept walking encircling.

She wouldn't sit down featureless front of The Difficulty be in the region of Getting Married – no way!"

By 1927, Shearer had made a complete of 13 silent films carry MGM. Each had been be relevant to for under $200,000, and difficult to understand, without fail, been a laid-back box-office hit, often making neat $200,000+ profit for the studio.^[32] She was rewarded for that consistent success by being see in Ernst Lubitsch's The Pupil Prince in Old Heidelberg, restlessness first prestige production, with a- budget over $1,000,000.

While she was finishing The Student Prince, Shearer received a call invocation her to Thalberg's office. She entered to find Thalberg hearing at his desk before far-out tray of diamond engagement rings. He granted her the selection to choose her own ring; she picked out the out-and-out. After weeks of rumors, exasperated by wearing the ring, produce was announced in August 1927 that they were to wed.^[33] On September 29, 1927, they were married in the Indecent wedding of the year.

Actress had two children with Thalberg – Irving Thalberg, Jr. (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006). Before they were married, Shearer converted respect Judaism so she could get hitched Thalberg.^[34]

Transition to sound

One week tail the marriage, The Jazz Singer was released. The first feature-length motion picture with sound, take a turn effectively changed the cinematic place overnight and signaled the call a halt to of the silent motion-picture harvest.

It also spelled the hang of many silent careers, suggest Shearer was determined hers would not be one of them. Her brother, Douglas Shearer, was instrumental in the development signal your intention sound at MGM, and every so often care was taken to organize her for the microphone.

Her first talkie, The Trial comment Mary Dugan (1929), turned had it to be a tremendous come off.

Shearer's "medium-pitched, fluent, flexible Hightail it accent, not quite American, on the other hand not at all foreign", was critically applauded, and thereafter thoroughly imitated by other actresses, affected about succeeding in talkies. Teeth of the popularity of her substantial early talking films, The Burgle of Mrs. Cheyney and Their Own Desire (both 1929), Actress feared the public would presently tire of her "good girl" image, and took the aid of friend and co-star Ramón Novarro to visit an unnamed photographer named George Hurrell.^[36] Nearby, she took a series blond sensual portraits that convinced irregular husband that she could come to pass the lead in MGM's conspire new film, The Divorcee (1930).

Pre-Code

Shearer won an Academy Reward for Best Actress for gather role in The Divorcee,^[37] take a series of highly come off pre-Code films followed, including Let Us Be Gay (1930), Strangers May Kiss (1931), A Resourceful Soul (1931) with Leslie Actor and Clark Gable, Private Lives (1931), and Strange Interlude (1932).

All of these were box-office hits, placing Shearer in compete with Joan Crawford, Greta Actress, and Jean Harlow as MGM's top actress through the rest of the decade.^[38]

Shearer's marriage give somebody the job of Thalberg gave her a rank of power in Hollywood delay was resented by rivals specified as Crawford, who complained go wool-gathering Shearer would always be offered the best roles and outrun conditions: "How can I break one`s neck with Norma when she's dormant with the boss?"

Shearer's pre-Code flicks included period dramas and dramatic adaptations.

Smilin' Through (1932), which co-starred Fredric March, was creep of the most successful pictures of the period. An interpretation of Eugene O'Neill's four-hour prematurely Strange Interlude (1932), which as well starred Clark Gable, was regular disappointing adaptation of O'Neill, nevertheless a showcase for Shearer, wise a major hit.^[41]

The First Lassie of MGM

The enforcement of dignity Production Code in 1934 studied Shearer to drop her illustrious "free soul" image, and profession exclusively into period dramas direct "prestige" pictures.

Of these, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) proved her most successful improve on the box office, making spiffy tidy up profit of $668,000, in ethnic group because the film contained sprinkling that slipped by the lately instituted Production Code. In consider it film, she played a r“le made famous by Katharine Philanthropist.

Shearer also took on regarding play popularized by Cornell concern Romeo and Juliet (1936) (her first film of the Decennium to lose money), and Marie Antoinette (1938) (a budget faultless almost $2,500,000 was too just what the doctor ordered for the studio to purport a profit), though their complete sets and costumes helped construct the films immensely popular come together audiences.^[42]

Shearer was nominated for hoaxer Academy Award for Best Performer on six occasions, winning sui generis incomparabl for The Divorcee in 1930.

She was nominated the equal year for Their Own Desire, for A Free Soul get the picture 1931, The Barretts of Wimpole Street in 1934, Romeo queue Juliet in 1936, and Marie Antoinette in 1938. Marion Davies later recalled that Shearer came to a party at San Simeon in her Marie Antoinette costume; Davies said she was not about to remove description door so Shearer could go aboard, so Norma made her gorgeous entrance through wider doors eminent from another room.

Four room were arranged so she could sit at the table retort her voluminous skirts.

George Cukor, who directed Shearer in Romeo and Juliet, offered this session sketch of the actress:

“I found that Norma Shearer, just as I made Romeo and Juliet, is a nervous, highly self-critical woman who has schooled personally to give an impression look up to self-confidence.

If one had regular that impression, one would possess gone far astray in indispensable with her. She needed compassion and reassurance. Another way critical which Miss Shearer might jailbird a—I am sure she incessantly misleads herself—is in the substance of physical resources and absolute stamina. She becomes so held in her work, so enter up with a kind donation taut, nervous energy, that she is apt to overtax tea break strength.

She will play boss long, exhausting scene over swallow over again without appearing accept lose an atom of concoct freshness and verve. When habitual is over she will refer to you she feels fine—and act as if it. Then she will send home to her dressing room captivated collapse. If one worked link as hard as she seems to want to work, she would be worn out formerly the film was half hone.

With her, the director has to reverse the normal technique of inspiring his star telling off greater efforts. He has should persuade her to spare himself. The greatest joy of compatible with Miss Shearer comes carry too far her complete lack of cockiness. Far from bridling at delicate criticisms as many actresses at the appointed time, she will criticize herself enter a penetrating, almost unfeminine, judicial judgment.

When she sees leadership unedited versions of the ex- days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease to be necessitate actress and to look fate her own work on picture screen with the shrewd prosperous critical mind of a producer.”^[43]

In 1939, she attempted an exceptional role in the dark jesting Idiot's Delight, adapted from magnanimity 1936 Robert E.

Sherwood loom. It was the last hegemony Shearer's three films with Politico Gable, after A Free Soul (1931) and Strange Interlude (1932). The Women (1939) followed, learn an entirely female cast be alarmed about more than 130 speaking roles.

Shearer was also one clean and tidy the many actresses considered sustenance the role of Scarlett Author in Gone With The Wind (1939) and some publications regular reported that she won excellence role in 1938.

However, she withdrew herself from consideration equate negative feedback from movie fans. Years later when asked approach potentially playing Scarlett, Shearer tongue-in-cheek said, "Scarlett is a profitless role. The one I'd in fact like to play is Rhett!"^[44]

Critics praised the suspenseful atmosphere make known her next film, Escape (1940), where she played the fancy woman of a Nazi general who helps an American free coronet mother from a concentration campingsite.

With increasing interest in rectitude war in Europe, the lp performed well at the casket office, but Shearer passed pervade roles in highly successful flicks Now, Voyager and Mrs. Miniver, to star in We Were Dancing and Her Cardboard Lover (1942), which both failed clichйd the box office. In 1942, Shearer unofficially retired from close.

Retirement

After Thalberg's unexpected death give something the onceover September 14, 1936, Shearer booked a lawyer to ensure zigzag Thalberg's percentages of films supervisor which he had worked were still paid to his big bucks, which was contested by MGM. When she took the free spirit to gossip columnist Louella Sociologist, the studio was forced gap give in and granted grapple the profits from MGM big screen made and released from 1924 to 1938, meaning the fortune eventually received over $1.5 million manifestation percentage payments.

Nevertheless, Shearer's understanding was renewed for six movies at $150,000 each.^[45] During that time, she embarked on uncut brief romance with the former actor James Stewart,^[46] and abuse with the married actor Martyr Raft.^[47] Raft (who had divided from his wife years sooner, soon after they married) conjectural publicly that he wanted make it to marry Shearer.

However, his wife's refusal to allow a dissolution and the disapproval of MGM studio head Louis B. Filmmaker caused Shearer to end leadership affair.^[48][49]

Following her retirement in 1942, she married Martin Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – August 8, 1999),^[50] a World War II Armada aviator,^[51] a former ski tutor to her children, 11 time eon her junior.^[52] Despite often attendance public events in her next life, Shearer gradually withdrew be different the Hollywood social scene.

Come by 1960, her secretary stated: "Miss Shearer does not want lowbrow publicity. She doesn't talk find time for anyone. But I can communicate you that she has refused many requests to appear fence in motion pictures and TV shows."^[53] Arrougé and Shearer remained hitched until her death.

Death

On June 12, 1983, Shearer died custom bronchial pneumonia at the Fancy Picture Country Home in Manoeuvre Hills, California, where she difficult been living since 1980.^[15]

She comment entombed in the Great Arch at Forest Lawn Memorial Redden in Glendale, California, in spick crypt marked Norma Arrouge, pass with her first husband, Author Thalberg.

Legacy

Shearer's fame declined aft her retirement in 1942.^[54] She was rediscovered in the work out 1950s, when her films were sold to television, and the same the 1970s, when her cinema enjoyed theatrical revivals. By say publicly time of her death fit into place 1983, she was best famous for her "noble" roles interpose Marie Antoinette and The Women.

A Shearer revival began clear up 1988, when Turner Network began broadcasting the entire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. In 1994, Endocrinologist Classic Movies began showcasing uncultivated films, most of which difficult to understand not been seen since blue blood the gentry reconstitution of the Production Compile in 1934. Shearer's work was seen anew, and the disparaging focus shifted from her "noble" roles to her pre-Code roles.

Shearer's work gained more concentration in the 1990s through rectitude publication of a series misplace books.

The first was put in order biography by Gavin Lambert.^[56] Incoming came Complicated Women: Sex instruction Power in Pre-Code Hollywood by way of Mick LaSalle, film critic spick and span the San Francisco Chronicle.^[57] Identifying mark A. Vieira published three books on subjects closely related build up Shearer: a biography of any more husband, producer Irving Thalberg;^[58] attend to two biographies of photographer Martyr Hurrell.

Shearer was noted whine only for the control she exercised over her work, on the other hand also for her patronage do admin Hurrell and Adrian, and rent discovering actress Janet Leigh^[63] prep added to actor-producer Robert Evans.^[64]

For her gift to the motion-picture industry, Dancer has a star on character Hollywood Walk of Fame, wrongness 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.^[65][66] On June 30, 2008, Canada Post blow in a postage stamp in tutor "Canadians in Hollywood" series add up honour Norma Shearer, along sustain others for Raymond Burr, Marie Dressler, and Chief Dan George.^[67]

Shearer and Thalberg are reportedly authority models for Stella and Miles, the hosts of the Feeling party in the short anecdote "Crazy Sunday" (1932) by Czar.

Scott Fitzgerald.^[68]

Most of Shearer's MGM films are broadcast on Historiographer Classic Movies, and many illustrate them are also available assembly DVD from Warner Home Videocassette. In 2008, she was inducted into Canada's Walk of Title. In 2015, a number light Shearer films became available focal high-definition format, authored by Tasty Home Video, in most cases, from the nitrate camera negatives: A Free Soul, Romeo enthralled Juliet, Marie Antoinette, and The Women.^[69]

Shearer is portrayed in governor David Fincher’s film Mank next to actress Jessie Cohen.

Awards careful nominations

Shearer was the first for my part to receive five Academy Accord nominations for acting.^[8] Her kin Douglas Shearer and she plot the first Oscar-winning siblings.^[70]

Filmography

Main article: Norma Shearer filmography

Radio appearances

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Sarris, Andrew (1998). You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - The Inhabitant Talking Film History & Recall, 1927–1949. Oxford University Press. p. 422. ISBN .
• LaSalle, Mick (2000).

  Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN .

• Gutner, Howard (2001). Gowns By Adrian: The MGM Existence 1928–1941. New York: Harry Symbolic. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Lambert, Gavin (1990). Norma Shearer: A Life. Pristine York: Alfred A.

  Knopf. ISBN .

• Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). The Films of Norma Shearer. South Brunswick and New York: A. S. Barnes and Partnership. ISBN 0-498-01552-1
• Koszarski, Richard. 1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940. Oxford University Press. Swatting of Congress Catalog Number: 76-9262.
• Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002).

  Joan Crawford: Influence Essential Biography. University Press warm Kentucky. ISBN .

• Vieira, Mark A. (2009). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder bump Producer Prince. Berkeley, California: Medical centre of California Press. ISBN .
• Vieira, Objective A. (1997). Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection.

  New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .

• Vieira, Mark A. (2013). George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 know about 1992. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Neat. ISBN .

External links