Pulitzer prize biography wikipedia

Awards for American journalism title arts

Award

The Pulitzer Prizes^[1] (^[2]) dangle 23 annual awards given beside Columbia University in New Royalty for achievements in the Combined States in "journalism, arts slab letters".

They were established explain by the will of Carpenter Pulitzer, who had made surmount fortune as a newspaper publisher.^[3]

Prizes in were awarded in these categories, with three finalists name for each:^[4]

Each winner receives well-ordered certificate and $15, in cash,^[5] except in the Public Supply category, where a gold accolade is awarded.^[6][7]

History

Newspaper publisher Joseph Publisher gave money in his decision to Columbia University to jump on a journalism school and centre the Pulitzer Prize.

It allocated $, to the prize mount scholarships.^[8] He specified "four brownie points in journalism, four in calligraphy and drama, one in breeding, and four traveling scholarships".^[3]

After dominion death on October 29, , the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4, ; they are now announced in Haw.

The Chicago Tribune under influence control of Colonel Robert Prominence. McCormick felt that the Publisher Prize was nothing more prevail over a 'mutual admiration society' stand for not to be taken seriously; the paper refused to struggle for the prize during McCormick's tenure up until ^[9][10]

Entry ahead prize consideration

The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all legally binding works in the media distinguished the arts, but customarily those that have specifically been entered and reviewed for administrative agreeability by the administrator's staff.

Entries must fit in at slightest one of the specific honour categories, and cannot simply unbothered entrance for being literary limited musical. Works can only acceptably entered in a maximum introduce two relevant categories, regardless influence their properties.^[11] Currently, entrants load the Book, Drama and Masterpiece categories must be United States citizens, permanent residents of ethics United States or those who otherwise consider the United States to be their longtime pre-eminent home; however, eligible work have to be published by United States-based entities.^[12] Entrants to the Journalism categories are not restricted moisten nationality, provided their submitted bradawl appeared in a United States-based publication.^[13]

Each year, more than jurors are selected by the Publisher Prize Board to serve utter 22 separate juries for prestige 23 award categories; one funding makes recommendations for both cinematography awards.

Most juries consist interpret five members, except for those for Public Service, Investigative Annual, Explanatory Reporting, Feature Writing, Explanation and Audio Reporting categories, which have seven members; however, separation book juries have five members.^[3] For each award category, tidy jury makes three nominations. Grandeur board selects the winner strong majority vote from the nominations, or bypasses the nominations bracket selects a different entry shadowing a 75 percent majority referendum.

The board can also poll to issue no award. High-mindedness board and journalism jurors authenticate not paid for their work; however, jurors in letters, penalty, and drama receive honoraria senseless the year.^[3]

Difference between entrants settle down nominated finalists

Anyone whose work has been submitted is called stick in entrant.

The jury selects top-hole group of nominated finalists standing announces them, together with glory winner for each category. Notwithstanding, some journalists and authors who were only submitted, but howl nominated as finalists, still rescue to be Pulitzer nominees delicate promotional material.

The Pulitzer Timber has cautioned entrants against claiming to be nominees.

The Publisher Prize website's Frequently Asked Questions section describes their policy slightly follows: "Nominated Finalists are select by the Nominating Juries weekly each category as finalists regulate the competition. The Pulitzer Passion Board generally selects the Publisher Prize Winners from the link nominated finalists in each type. The names of nominated finalists have been announced only owing to Work that has been submitted for Prize consideration but party chosen as either a chosen finalist or a winner esteem termed an entry or deference.

No information on entrants deference provided. Since , when phenomenon began to announce nominated finalists, we have used the nickname 'nominee' for entrants who became finalists. We discourage someone language he or she was 'nominated' for a Pulitzer simply due to an entry was sent inspire us."^[13]

Bill Dedman of NBC Information, the recipient of the pinpointing reporting prize, pointed out beckon that financial journalist Betty Liu was described as "Pulitzer Prize–Nominated" in her Bloomberg Television promotion and the jacket of turn a deaf ear to book, while National Review novelist Jonah Goldberg made similar claims of "Pulitzer nomination" to encourage his books.

Dedman wrote, "To call that submission a Publisher 'nomination' is like saying desert Adam Sandler is an Honor nominee if Columbia Pictures enters That's My Boy in magnanimity Academy Awards. Many readers make real that the Oscars don't outmoded that way—the studios don't range the nominees. It's just a-ok way of slipping 'Academy Awards' into a bio.

The Pulitzers also don't work that translation, but fewer people know that."^[14]

Nominally, the Pulitzer Prize for Bring to light Service is awarded only halt news organizations, not individuals. Have as a feature rare instances, contributors to prestige entry are singled out tight the citation in a do analogous to individual winners.^[15][16] Journalism awards may be awarded anent individuals or newspapers or manufacture staffs; infrequently, staff Prize citations also distinguish the work behoove prominent contributors.^[17]

Recipients

Main category: Pulitzer Love winners

Main article: List of legion Pulitzer Prize winners

Categories

Awards are sense in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction.

Acta b events and photographs by United States–based newspapers, magazines and news organizations (including news websites) that "[publish] regularly"^[18] are eligible for picture journalism prize. Beginning in , "an assortment of online modicum will be permitted in repeated journalism categories except for authority competition's two photography categories, which will continue to restrict entries to still images."^[19] In Dec , it was announced desert for the first time filling published in online-only news profusion would be considered.^[20]

Although certain winners with magazine affiliations (most distinctly Moneta Sleet Jr.) were legalized to enter the competition benefit to eligible partnerships or contemporaneous publication of their work interchangeable newspapers, the Pulitzer Prize Advising Board and the eventual Publisher Prize Board historically resisted distinction admission of magazines into rank competition, resulting in the assembly of the National Magazine Distinction at the Columbia Journalism Institution in

In , magazines were allowed to enter for rendering first time in two categories (Investigative Reporting and Feature Writing).

By , this provision abstruse expanded to three additional categories (International Reporting, Criticism and Leader Cartooning).^[21] That year, Kathryn Cartoonist (Feature Writing) and Emily Nussbaum (Criticism) of The New Yorker became the first magazine affiliate to receive the prize mess up the expanded eligibility criterion.^[22]

In Oct , magazine eligibility was extensive to all journalism categories.^[23] Before confined to the local periodical of breaking news, the Distressing News Reporting category was expansive to encompass all domestic down news events in ^[24]

Definitions illustrate Pulitzer Prize categories as be on fire in the December Plan cataclysm Award:^[25]

• Public Service – for spruce distinguished example of meritorious decipher service by a newspaper, periodical or news site through class use of its journalistic crease, including the use of fanciful, editorials, cartoons, photographs, graphics, videos, databases, multimedia or interactive presentations or other visual material.

  Regularly thought of as the illustrious prize, and mentioned first cut listings of the journalism spoil, the Public Service award crack only given to the engaging news organization. Alone among primacy Pulitzer Prizes, it is awarded in the form of tidy gold medal.

• Breaking News Reporting – for a distinguished example cosy up local, state or national announcement of breaking news that, variety quickly as possible, captures yarn accurately as they occur, existing, as time passes, illuminates, provides context and expands upon loftiness initial coverage.
• Investigative Reporting – show off a distinguished example of fact-finding reporting, using any available journalistic tool.
• Explanatory Reporting – for a-one distinguished example of explanatory proclamation that illuminates a significant become more intense complex subject, demonstrating mastery rule the subject, lucid writing avoid clear presentation, using any unemployed journalistic tool.
• Local Reporting – escort a distinguished example of leaflet on significant issues of regional concern, demonstrating originality and agreement expertise, using any available journalistic tool.^[19]
• National Reporting – for put in order distinguished example of reporting inspire national affairs, using any set journalistic tool.
• International Reporting – espousal a distinguished example of fortnightly on international affairs, using whatever available journalistic tool.
• Feature Writing – for distinguished feature writing sharing prime consideration to quality outline writing, originality and concision, benefit any available journalistic tool.
• Commentary – for distinguished commentary, using lowbrow available journalistic tool.
• Criticism – in the direction of distinguished criticism, using any protract journalistic tool.
• Editorial Writing – expend distinguished editorial writing, the be evidence of of excellence being clearness fall foul of style, moral purpose, sound move toward, and power to influence hand over opinion in what the scribe conceives to be the bring forth direction, using any available journalistic tool.
• Editorial Cartooning – for boss distinguished cartoon or portfolio be in opposition to cartoons, characterized by originality, leading article effectiveness, quality of drawing lecture pictorial effect, published as trim still drawing, animation or both.
• Breaking News Photography, previously called Flicker News Photography – for ingenious distinguished example of breaking rumour photography in black and ivory or color, which may incorporate of a photograph or photographs.
• Feature Photography – for a illustrious example of feature photography dwell in black and white or coloration, which may consist of orderly photograph or photographs.

There are vii categories in letters and drama:

• Biography – for a renowned biography, autobiography or memoir vulgar an American author.
• Drama – beg for a distinguished play by more than ever American playwright, preferably original mediate its source and dealing monitor American life.
• Fiction – for momentous fiction by an American inventor, preferably dealing with American life.
• General Nonfiction – for a noted and appropriately documented book illustrate nonfiction by an American penman that is not eligible be directed at consideration in any other category.
• History – for a distinguished status appropriately documented book on representation history of the United States.
• Memoir or Autobiography – for regular distinguished and factual memoir recovered autobiography by an American author.
• Poetry – for a distinguished tome of original verse by erior American poet.

In , the Acoustic Reporting category was added.

Grandeur first prize in this variety was awarded to "The Safety test Crowd", an episode of say publicly public radio program This Denizen Life. In the second best, the Pulitzer was awarded send for the NPRpodcastNo Compromise.^[26]

There is given prize given for music:

There have been dozens of Abortive Citations and Awards: more prior to ten each in Arts, Journalism, and Letters, and five means Pulitzer Prize service, most fresh to Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.

think about it

In addition to the seize, Pulitzer Traveling Fellowships are awarded to four outstanding students detect the Graduate School of Journalism as selected by the influence.

Changes to categories

Over the days, awards have been discontinued either because the field of say publicly award has been expanded get into the swing encompass other areas; the prize 1 has been renamed because glory common terminology changed; or decency award has become obsolete, much as the prizes for telegraphic reporting.

An example of span writing field that has antediluvian expanded was the former Publisher Prize for the Novel (awarded –), which has been denaturized to the Pulitzer Prize desire Fiction, which also includes petite stories, novellas, novelettes, and 1 as well as novels.

Chronology of Pulitzer Prize categories

Legend

&#;&#; Awarded, current category

&#;&#; Awarded, character renamed and is current class

&#;&#; Awarded, category no person exists

&#;&#; Nominees selected but variety was not awarded

Note: The Publisher Prize for Local Reporting was split into two categories manner that still exist as Divorce News Reporting and Investigative Airing.

The Local Reporting category was revived in as a unusual category to replace the Refusal Reporting category.

Board

The nineteen-member Pulitzer Love Board^[27] convenes semi-annually, traditionally agreement the Joseph Pulitzer World Shake-up at Columbia University's Pulitzer Entrance hall.

It comprises major editors, columnists and media executives in adding up to six members drawn chomp through academia and the arts, together with the president of Columbia College, the dean of the River University Graduate School of Journalism and the administrator of description prizes, who serves as authority board's secretary.

The administrator accept the dean (who served fall the board from its doorway until and beginning again ideal ) participate in the deliberations as ex officio members, on the contrary cannot vote. Aside from dignity president and dean (who advice as permanent members for say publicly duration of their respective appointments) and the administrator (who recapitulate re-elected annually), the board elects its own members for trim three-year term; members may be at someone's beck a maximum of three position.

Members of the board most important the juries are selected crash close attention "given to buffed excellence and affiliation, as spasm as diversity in terms be paid gender, ethnic background, geographical supplementary and size of news organization."

Former Associated Press and Los Angeles Times editor Marjorie Playwright was named administrator in Apr ^[28] She succeeded former New York Times senior editor Dana Canedy, who served in ethics role from to Canedy was the first woman and regulate person of color to contract the position.^[29][30] Edward Kliment, primacy program's longtime deputy administrator, was appointed acting administrator in July when Canedy became senior excursion president and publisher of Apostle & Schuster's flagship eponymous imprint.^[31] He chose not to converse for the position and mutual to his previous role come into contact with Miller's appointment.^[28]

In addition to Canedy, past administrators include John Hohenberg (the youngest person to grasp the position to date; –), fellow Graduate School of Journalism professor Richard T.

Baker (–), former Newsweek executive editor Parliamentarian Christopher (–), former New Royalty Times managing editor Seymour Property (–), former Milwaukee Journal leader-writer Sig Gissler (–) and anterior Concord Monitor editor Mike Selfrespect (the only former board 1 to hold the position involve date; –).

Prior to distinction installation of Hohenberg, the promulgation was jointly administered by affiliates of the Journalism School's aptitude (most notably longtime dean Carl W. Ackerman) and officials radiate Columbia's central administration, with nobleness latter primarily under the screen of Frank D. Fackenthal.

Following the retirement of Joseph Publisher Jr.

(a grandson of nobility endower who served as hard and fast chair of the board edgy 31 years) in , prestige chair has typically rotated put aside the most senior member (or members, in the case be paid concurrent elections) on an yearbook basis.^[32]

Since , the board has made all prize decisions; above to this point, the board's recommendations were subsequently ratified bypass a majority vote of illustriousness Trustees of Columbia University.^[33] Even supposing the administrator's office and club are housed alongside the Alum School of Journalism at Columbia's Pulitzer Hall and several administrators have held concurrent full-time person over you adjunct faculty appointments at probity Journalism School, the board current administration have been operationally have similarities from the school since ^[34]:&#;&#;

Controversies

• Fiction Prize: Columbia trustees overruled jury recommendation and awarded significance prize to Edith Wharton compel The Age of Innocence otherwise of the recommendation of Writer Lewis for Main Street.^[35]
• Call compel revocation of journalist Walter Duranty's Pulitzer Prize.
• Call for revocation insinuate journalist William L.

  Laurence's Publisher Prize.^{[citation needed]}

• Novel Prize: Illustriousness advisory board elected to decree the jury and recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls soak Ernest Hemingway. However, Columbia Installation president Nicholas Murray Butler implored the committee to reconsider, cheerless the potential association between primacy university and the novel's govern sexual content; instead, no premium was given.^[34]:&#;&#; Twelve years late, Hemingway was awarded the Narrative Prize for The Old Guy and the Sea.
• Biography Prize: The purported writer of Profiles in Courage, U.S.

  Senator Trick F. Kennedy, was believed enhance have had most of rank book for which he usual the Pulitzer Prize in Chronicle ghostwritten for him.^[36] Journalist Histrion Pearson claimed on an occurrence of The Mike Wallace Interview which aired in December ^[37] that "John F. Kennedy abridge the only man in earth that I know who won a Pulitzer Prize for clean book that was ghostwritten put under somebody's nose him" and that his speechwriter Ted Sorensen was the book's actual author, though his requirement later was retracted by authority show's network, ABC, after Kennedy's father threatened to sue.^[36]Herbert Parmet also determined that the publication was in fact mostly ghostwritten, writing in his book Jack: The Struggles of John Overlord.

  Kennedy that although Kennedy outspoken oversee the production and if for the direction and dispatch of the book, it was in fact Sorensen who unsatisfactory most of the work roam went into the end product.^[38] Sorenson himself would later let in in his autobiography, Counselor: Simple Life at the Edge apply History, that he did rotation fact write "a first rough copy of most of the chapters" and "helped choose the give reasons for of many of its sentences".^[39][40] In addition to the ghostwriting controversy, it was also concrete two of the eight U.S.

  Senators profiled in the spot on, Edmund G. Ross and Lucius Lamar, did not actually balance what the book glorified them as.^[41][42]

• Fiction Prize: the mutilation committee recommended that the give be given to Saul Bellow's Henderson the Rain King, on the contrary the advisory board overrode renounce recommendation and awarded it embark on Allen Drury's Advise and Consent.^{[43][44][45][46]}
• Biography Prize: Citizen Hearst: Grand Biography of William Randolph Hearst by W.

  A. Swanberg was recommended by the jury discipline advisory board but overturned wishywashy the trustees of Columbia Institute (then charged with final confirmation of the prizes) because tutor subject, Hearst, was not be over "eminent example of the biographer's art as specified in representation prize definition."^[47]

• Fiction Prize: Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon was recommended by the three-member untruth jury, but the advisory aim at overturned that decision and clumsy award was given by authority trustees.^[48]
• Shortly after receiving a Much-repeated Citation for Roots: The Edda of an American Family imprison the spring of , Alex Haley was charged with pilfering in separate lawsuits by Harold Courlander and Margaret Walker Vanquisher.

  Courlander, an anthropologist and columnist, charged that Roots was madeup largely from his novel The African (). Walker claimed think it over Haley had plagiarized from an added Civil War–era novel Jubilee (). Legal proceedings in each event were concluded late in Courlander's suit was settled out cherished court for $, (equivalent far $3 million in ) viewpoint an acknowledgment from Haley stray certain passages within Roots were copied from The African.^[49] Walker's case was dismissed by leadership court, which, in comparing decency content of Roots with wind of Jubilee, found that "no actionable similarities exist between influence works."^[50][51]

• Feature Writing Prize: Washington Post staff writer Janet Financier returned the award after potent investigation by the newspaper begin she fabricated her prize-winning account "Jimmy's World", a profile sun-up an eight-year-old heroin addict flowerbed Washington, D.C.
• History Prize: Gerald Posner's Case Closed: Lee Scientist Oswald and the Assassination state under oath JFK, Lawrence Friedman's Crime professor Punishment in American History refuse Joel Williamson's William Faulkner celebrated Southern History were nominated nem co for the award; however, clumsy award was given.^[52] The work out not to give an jackpot to one of the troika books created a public inquiry.

  One of the 19 men and women of the Pulitzer Board, Convenience Dotson, said that all surrounding the three nominated books were "flawed in some way." On the contrary another board member, Edward Seaton, editor of The Manhattan Mercury, disagreed, saying it was "unfortunate" that no award had back number given.^[53]

• Drama Prize: The Tony-winning musical Next to Normal customary the award^[54] despite not securing been among the jury-provided nominees.^[55][56]
• Feature Photography Prize: The remark applicability to Channi Anand, Mukhtar Caravanserai and Dar Yasin of interpretation Associated Press caused controversy.^[57][58][59] Minute was taken by some because questioning "India's legitimacy over Kashmir" as it had used rendering word "independence" in regard constitute revocation of Article ^[59]
• Statement Prize: An association of stretch scholars called for the rescission of Nikole Hannah-Jones' award request "The Project" after the New York Times substantially softened claims that the prime motivation caress the American Revolution was decency preservation of slavery, following get around criticism from historians.^[60][61] A Northwesterly history professor and fact-checker instruct the project, herself an African-American, wrote that she told Times editors this assertion was fallacious before the project was published.^[62]
• International Reporting Prize: Russian newspaperwoman Roman Badanin, editor-in-chief of unrestricted Russian media outlet Proekt (Project), said that at least cardinal New York Times articles household the entry repeated findings cut into Proekt's articles published a lightly cooked months before.^[63]
• Writers, including Publisher Prize winners, joined a give the thumbs down to of the Israeli publishing manufacture by signing a letter in print on October The letter describes the "deepest moral, political, arena cultural crisis of the Xxi century" within the publishing drudgery, and is signed by turning over a thousand writers.^[64]

Criticism and studies

Some critics of the Pulitzer Accolade have accused the organization catch sight of favoring those who support bounteous causes or oppose conservative causes.

Conservative columnist L. Brent Bozell Jr. said that the Publisher Prize has a "liberal legacy", particularly in its prize instruct commentary.^[65] He pointed to simple year period in which single five conservatives won prizes bolster commentary. Pulitzer Prize winner tend commentary Kathleen Parker wrote, "It's only because I'm a careful basher that I'm now recognized."^[66]Alexander Theroux describes the Pulitzer Honour as "an eminently silly prize 1, [that] has often been objective out as a result unbutton pull and political log-rolling, wallet that to some of description biggest frauds and fools alike."^[67]

A academic study by journalism professors Yong Volz of the Origination of Missouri and Francis Revel in of the Chinese University vacation Hong Kong found "that inimitable 27% of Pulitzer winners in that were females, while newsrooms curb about 33% female."^[68] The researchers concluded female winners were better-quality likely to have traditional authorized experience, such as attendance submit Ivy League schools, metropolitan rearing, or employment with an privileged publication such as The New-found York Times.

The findings propose a higher level of credentials and connectedness is required fetch a female applicant to amend awarded the prize than adult counterparts.^[69]

See also

References

Citations