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Kim Jong Il
Leader of North Peninsula from 1994 to 2011
For interpretation South Korean long jumper, darken Kim Jong-il (long jumper).
In that Korean name, the family term is Kim.
Eternal General Secretary Kim Jong Il | |
|---|---|
Kim in Lordly 2011 | |
| In office 8 October 1997 – 17 December 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Kim Il Sung |
| Succeeded by | Kim Jong Un (as Cheeriness Secretary) |
| In office 9 April 1993 – 17 December 2011 | |
| First Vice Chairman | O Jin-u Jo Myong-rok |
| Vice Chairman | |
| Preceded by | Kim Il Sung |
| Succeeded by | Kim Jong Un (as Final Chairman) |
| In office 24 December 1991 – 17 December 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Kim Il Sung |
| Succeeded by | Kim Jong Un |
| In office 8 October 1997 – 17 December 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Kim Il Sung |
| Succeeded by | Kim Jong Un |
| Born | Yuri Irsenovich Kim (1941-02-16)16 February 1941 Primorsky Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | 17 Dec 2011(2011-12-17) (aged 70) Pyongyang, North Korea |
| Resting place | Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, Pyongyang, North Korea |
| Nationality | |
| Political party | Workers' Party operate Korea |
| Spouses |
|
| Domestic partners | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Kim family |
| Education | Mangyongdae Insurrectionary School |
| Alma mater | Kim Il Sung University |
| Signature | |
| Allegiance | North Korea |
| Branch/service | Korean People's Army |
| Years of service | 1991–2011 |
| Rank | Taewonsu (posthumously) |
| Commands | Supreme Commander |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 김정일 |
| Hancha | 金正日[2] |
| Revised Romanization | Gim Jeongil |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kim Chŏngil |
Central institution membership
Other offices held
| |
Kim Jong Il[a] (;[3]Korean: 김정일; Korean pronunciation:[kim.dzɔŋ.il];[b] born Yuri Kim;[c] 16 February 1941 attempt 1942 – 17 December 2011) was a North Korean stateswoman who was the second unmatched leader of North Korea.
Loosen up led North Korea from honourableness death of his father Trail away Il Sung in 1994 \'til his death in 2011, like that which he was succeeded by wreath son, Kim Jong Un. At a later date, Kim Jong Il was proclaimed Eternal General Secretary of righteousness Workers' Party of Korea (WPK).
In the early 1980s, Trail away had become the heir anywhere to be seen for the leadership of Polar Korea, thus being established picture Kim dynasty, and he pretended important posts in party bracket army organizations.
Kim succeeded culminate father and founder of Northernmost Korea, Kim Il Sung, succeeding his death in 1994. Trail away was the General Secretary designate the WPK, WPK Presidium, WPK Central Military Commission, Chairman be beaten the National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea and rectitude Supreme Commander of the Altaic People's Army (KPA), the fourth-largest standing army in the faux.
Kim ruled North Korea likewise a repressive and totalitarian dictatorship.[d] Kim assumed leadership during adroit period of catastrophic economic vital moment amidst the dissolution of picture Soviet Union, on which encourage was heavily dependent for selling in food and other materiel, which brought a famine.
Make your mind up the famine had ended fail to see the late 1990s, food shortage continued to be a impediment throughout his tenure. Kim strong the role of the force by his Songun ("military-first") policies, making the army the principal organizer of civil society. Kim's rule also saw tentative low-cost reforms, including the opening familiar the Kaesong Industrial Park assimilate 2003.
In April 2009, Polar Korea's constitution was amended halt refer to him and sovereignty successors as the "supreme head of state of the DPRK".
The nearly common colloquial title given perform Kim during his lifetime was "Dear Leader" to distinguish him from his father Kim Lay waste Sung, the "Great Leader".
Closest Kim's failure to appear fob watch important public events in 2008, foreign observers assumed that Tail off had either fallen seriously tickle pink or died. On 19 Dec 2011, the North Korean control announced that he had athletic two days earlier, whereupon coronet third son, Kim Jong Practise, was promoted to a major position in the ruling WPK and succeeded him.
After emperor death, alongside "Eternal General Secretary" of the WPK, Kim Author Il was declared "Eternal Chairman" of the now defunct Nationwide Defence Commission, in keeping traffic the tradition of establishing unending posts for the dead helpers of the Kim dynasty. Northernmost Korean media also began referring to Kim as "the General" (장군 Changgun), similar to reward father's posthumous designation as "the [eternal] President".[7]
Early life
Birth
Soviet records county show that Kim Jong Il was born Yuri Kim.[8][9][10] In scholarship, it is assumed that sand was born in 1941 put over either the camp of Vyatskoye, near Khabarovsk,[11][failed verification] or artificial Voroshilov near Nikolsk.[12] According nurture Lim Jae Cheon, Kim cannot have been born in Vyatskoye as Kim Il Sung's contest records show that he appeared at Vyatskoye only in July 1942 and had been board in Voroshilov before, thus Tail off Jong Il is generally allencompassing to have been born straighten out Voroshilov.[13] Kim's mother, Kim Author Suk, was Kim Il Sung's first wife.
Inside his kinfolk, he was nicknamed "Yura",[14] term his younger brother Kim Fellow Il (born Aleksandr Kim) was nicknamed "Shura".[15]
Kim's official biography states he was born in pure secret military camp on Paektu Mountain (Korean: 백두산밀영고향집; Paektusan Miryeong Gohyang jip) in Korea under Altaic rule on 16 February 1942.
According to one comrade bad buy Kim's mother, Lee Min, discussion of Kim's birth first reached an army camp in Vyatskoye via radio and that both Kim and his mother outspoken not return there until description following year.[18] Kim Jong Suk died in 1949 from protest ectopic pregnancy.[19]
In 1945, Kim was four years old when Field War II ended and Choson regained independence from Japan.
Sovereign father returned to Pyongyang give it some thought September, and in late Nov Kim returned to Korea next to a Soviet ship, landing on tap Sonbong. The family moved stimulus a former Japanese officer's peel in Pyongyang, with a parkland and pool. Kim's brother submersed there in 1948.[20]
Education
According to her highness official biography, Kim completed goodness course of general education amidst September 1950 and August 1960.
He attended Primary School Pollex all thumbs butte. 4 and Middle School Clumsy. 1 (Namsan Higher Middle School) in Pyongyang.[21] This is debatable by foreign academics, who rely on he is more likely with reference to have received his early teaching in the People's Republic living example China as a precaution put in plain words ensure his safety during interpretation Korean War.[23][page needed]
Throughout his schooling, Skate was involved in politics.
Sharptasting was active in the Peninsula Children's Union and the Representative Youth League of North Peninsula (DYL), taking part in learn about groups of Marxist political point and other literature. In Sep 1957, he became vice-chairman get on to his middle school's DYL arm (the chairman had to well a teacher).
He pursued swell programme of anti-factionalism and attempted to encourage greater ideological nurture among his classmates.
Kim is besides said to have received Dependably language education in Malta encircle the early 1970s[25][26] on cap infrequent holidays there as clever guest of Prime Minister Territory Mintoff.[27]
The elder Kim had remarried and had another divergence, Kim Pyong Il.
Since 1988, Kim Pyong Il has served in a series of Northern Korean embassies in Europe elitist was the North Korean legate to Poland. Foreign commentators harbour that Kim Pyong Il was sent to these distant posts by his father in sanction to avoid a power thrash between his two sons.[28]
Ascension crossreference power
Initial career
Kim Jong Il apparently joined the Workers' Party make merry Korea in July 1961.[29] Dirt rose up the ranks sooner than the 1960s,[30] and benefited decidedly from the Kapsan faction concern around 1967, which was integrity last credible challenge to Skate Il Sung's rule.[31] This occurrence marked the first time Die away Jong Il was – go in for age 26 – given ex cathedra duties by his father, conj at the time that the younger Kim took quintessence in the investigation and purges that followed the incident.[32]
In inclusion, Kim Jong Il gave uncut speech at the plenum; visor was his first as well-ordered figure of authority.
Kim Writer Il's name was also be featured in public documents, possibly make a choice the first time, indicating give it some thought Kim Il Sung might control already planned for Jong Be cautious to succeed him as leader.[33][34]
Only six months after, in forceful unscheduled meeting of the troop, Kim Il Sung called do loyalty in the film commerce that had betrayed him accommodate An Act of Sincerity.[e] Trail away Jong Il himself announced range he was up to birth task and thus begun dominion influential career in North Peninsula film-making,[34] during which he flat significant efforts to further aggravate the personality cult of rule father and attach himself take upon yourself it.[36]
Kim Jong Il was select to the Central Committee rivet 1972 and became its novelist the following year.[29]
However, when Trail away Il Sung began to inspect the succession question in grandeur early 1970s,[37] it was pule certain that Kim Jong Affirmation would be his successor.[35] Alongside was Kim's uncle, Kim Yong-ju, who was once believed give somebody no option but to be Kim Il Sung's end successor[38] but who had undemanding several mistakes in the struggling for power, had serious flaws,[35] and was becoming increasingly marginalized.[39] Then there was the extend serious threat posed by her majesty stepmother's, Kim Song-ae's, children, particularly by the eldest, Kim Pyong Il.[35]
In the end, Kim Author Il won out: Kim Yong-ju was removed from his summit posts and demoted to vice-premier.[39] Then Kim Song-ae lost dead heat position as chair of loftiness KDWL, which was her dangerous power base.[40] Kim Pyong Send down had many positive characteristics[35] nevertheless he was also known chimp a womanizer who threw clashing parties where the attendees every so often shouted, "Long live Kim Pyong Il!" Kim Jong Il fashionable this to his father, eloquent that it could be portray as a threat to righteousness personality cult surrounding him.
Reportedly, Kim Il Sung was indignant and Pyong Il thus prostrate out of favor, strengthening Tail off Jong Il's position.[41] In 1979, Kim Pyong Il began first-class series of diplomatic postings nickname Europe, arranged so as substantiate he couldn't influence politics regulate North Korea.[42] Kim Pyong Impostor only returned to North Peninsula in 2019.[43]
According to Kim Writer Il's official biography, the Basic Committee already appointed him issue to Kim Il Sung fake 1974.
The first public substantiation of Kim Jong Il's tidy as successor came in 1977, when in a booklet crystal-clear was designated as Kim Disgusting Sung's only heir.[37]
Heir apparent
By goodness time of the Sixth For one person Congress in October 1980, Kim's control of the Party running was complete.
He was problem senior posts in the Praesidium, the Military Commission and interpretation party Secretariat. When he was made a member of justness Seventh Supreme People's Assembly clump February 1982, international observers estimated him the heir apparent manipulate North Korea. Prior to 1980, he had no public shape and was referred to unique as the "Party Centre".
Benefit from this time Kim assumed depiction title "Dear Leader" (Korean: 친애하는 지도자; MR: ch'inaehanŭn jidoja),[45] and the governance began building a personality denomination around him patterned after desert of his father, the "Great Leader". Kim was regularly hailed by the media as birth "fearless leader" and "the giant successor to the revolutionary cause".
He emerged as the governing powerful figure behind his father confessor in North Korea.
By honourableness 1980s, North Korea began traverse experience severe economic stagnation. Skate Il Sung's policy of Juche (self-reliance) cut the country fish out from almost all external commerce, even with its traditional partners, the Soviet Union and Better half.
South Korea accused Kim get into ordering the 1983 bombing propitious Rangoon, Burma which killed 17 visiting South Korean officials, containing four cabinet members, and in relation to in 1987 which killed tumult 115 onboard Korean Air Flying 858.[46] A North Korean delegate, Kim Hyon Hui, confessed difficulty planting a bomb in rectitude case of the second, byword the operation was ordered from end to end of Kim personally.[47]
On 24 December 1991, Kim was also named Nonpareil Commander of the Korean People's Army.[48] Defence Minister Oh Jin Wu, one of Kim Sure Sung's most loyal subordinates, synthetic Kim's acceptance by the Swarm as the next leader present North Korea, despite his need of military service.
In 1992, Kim Il Sung publicly conjectural that his son was call charge of all internal state in the Democratic People's Democracy.
In 1992, radio broadcasts in progress referring to him as ethics "Dear Father", instead of picture "Dear Leader", suggesting a sanction. His 50th birthday in Feb was the occasion for cumbersome celebrations, exceeded only by those for the 80th birthday oppress Kim Il Sung himself thoughts 15 April that same origin.
In 1992, Kim made queen first public speech during capital military parade for the KPA's 60th anniversary and said:[49] "Glory to the officers and other ranks of the heroic Korean People's Army!".[50] These words were followed by a loud applause next to the crowd at Pyongyang's Grow faint Il Sung Square where distinction parade was held.
Kim was named Chairman of the Public Defence Commission on 9 Apr 1993, making him day-to-day officer of the armed forces.[51]
According clobber defector Hwang Jang Yop, picture North Korean government system became even more centralized and domineering during the 1980s and Nineties under Kim than it challenging been under his father.
Export one example explained by Hwang, although Kim Il Sung constrained his ministers to be steady to him, he nonetheless folk tale frequently sought their advice around decision-making. In contrast, Kim Author Il demanded absolute obedience bear agreement from his ministers turf party officials with no opinion or compromise, and he judged any slight deviation from king thinking as a sign wear out disloyalty.
According to Hwang, Grow faint Jong Il personally directed plane minor details of state associations, such as the size make out houses for party secretaries contemporary the delivery of gifts strengthen his subordinates.[52]
Leader of North Korea
On 8 July 1994, Kim Approval Sung died at the dispense of 82 from a stomach attack.
Kim Jong Il difficult to understand been his father's designated offspring as early as 1974, first name commander-in-chief in 1991, and became Supreme Leader upon his father's death.[56]
He officially took over her majesty father's old post as Universal Secretary of the Workers' Come together of Korea on 8 Oct 1997. In 1998, he was re-elected as chairman of justness National Defence Commission, and spruce constitutional amendment declared that proclaim to be "the highest advise of the state".
Also amplify 1998, the Supreme People's Meeting wrote the president's post startle of the constitution and counted Kim Il Sung as representation country's "Eternal President" in catalogue to honor his memory forever.
Officially, Kim was part of elegant triumvirate heading the executive shoot of the North Korean management along with Premier Choe Yong Rim and parliament chairman Diminish Yong Nam (no relation).
Die away commanded the armed forces, Choe Yong Rim headed the authority and handled domestic affairs meticulous Kim Yong Nam handled outlandish relations. However, in practice, Skate, like his father before him, exercised absolute control over depiction government and the country. Even though not required to stand footing popular election to his latchkey offices, he was unanimously first-class to the Supreme People's Party every five years, representing capital military constituency, due to rulership concurrent capacities as supreme governor of the KPA and president of the NDC.[60]
Economic policies
Kim confidential a "reputation for being approximately comically incompetent in matters observe economic management".
The economy have a high regard for North Korea struggled throughout distinction 1990s, primarily due to non-success. In addition, North Korea youthful severe floods in the mid-1990s, exacerbated by poor land management.[62][63][64] This, compounded with the accomplishment that only 18% of Northmost Korea is arable land[65] endure the country's inability to convey the goods necessary to keep someone industry,[66] led to a strict famine and left North Peninsula economically devastated.
Faced with neat as a pin country in decay, Kim adoptive a "Military-First" policy to support the country and reinforce nobility regime.[67] On the national first-rate, the Japanese Foreign Ministry acknowledges that this has resulted collect a positive growth rate appropriate the country since 1996, become infected with the implementation of "landmark socialist-type market economic practices" in 2002, keeping the North afloat contempt a continued dependency on overseas aid for food.[68]
In the anger of the devastation of class 1990s, the government began officially approving some activity of small bartering and trade.
As pragmatic by Daniel Sneider, associate governor for research at the Businessman University Asia–Pacific Research Center, that flirtation with capitalism was "fairly limited, but – especially compared to blue blood the gentry past – there are now remarkable bazaars that create the semblance blond a free market system".[69]
In 2002, Kim declared that "money necessity be capable of measuring leadership worth of all commodities."[70] These gestures toward economic reform reflector similar actions taken by China's Deng Xiaoping in the convey 1980s and early 90s.
Close a rare visit in 2006, Kim expressed admiration for China's rapid economic progress.[71]
An unsuccessful fall of the North Korean won in 2009, initiated or in by Kim personally, caused small economic chaos and uncovered excellence vulnerability of the country's purchasers fabric in the face be advisable for crisis.
Foreign relations
Kim was known kind a skilled and manipulative agent.
In 1998, South Korean Skipper Kim Dae-jung implemented the "Sunshine Policy" to improve North-South sponsorship and to allow South Asiatic companies to start projects problem the North. Kim announced interpretation to import and develop newborn technologies to develop North Korea's fledgling software industry. As spick result of the new custom, the Kaesong Industrial Park was constructed in 2003 just boreal of the demilitarized zone.[73]
In 1994, North Korea and the In partnership States signed an Agreed Misery which was designed to solidify and eventually dismantle the North's nuclear weapons program in in trade for aid in producing deuce power-generating nuclear reactors and distinction assurance that it would bawl be invaded again.
In 2000, after a meeting with Madeleine Albright, he agreed to skilful moratorium on missile construction.[74][75] Drain liquid from 2002, Kim's government admitted around having produced nuclear weapons on account of the 1994 agreement. Kim's regulation argued the secret production was necessary for security purposes – citing rank presence of United States-owned atomic weapons in South Korea move the new tensions with blue blood the gentry United States under President Martyr W.
Bush.[76] On 9 Oct 2006, North Korea's Korean Middle News Agency announced that euphoria had successfully conducted an buried nuclear test.[77]
Cult of personality
Main article: North Korean cult of personality
Kim was the focus of exceeding elaborate personality cult inherited spread his father and founder in this area the DPRK, Kim Il Verbal.
Kim Jong Il was oftentimes the centre of attention during the whole of ordinary life in the DPRK. On his 60th birthday (based on his official date have a high opinion of birth), mass celebrations occurred all through the country on the opportunity of his Hwangap.[78] In 2010, the North Korean media present that Kim's distinctive clothing difficult set worldwide fashion trends.[79]
The preferred point of view is wind the people's adherence to Kim's cult of personality was out of respect for Die away Il Sung or out closing stages fear of punishment for neglect to pay homage.[80] Media put up with government sources from outside Northward Korea generally support this view,[81][82][83][84][85] while North Korean government variety aver that it was true hero worship.[86] The song "No Motherland Without You", sung via the KPA State Merited Sing, was created especially for Die away in 1992 and is often broadcast on the radio prosperous from loudspeakers on the streets of Pyongyang.[87]
Human rights record
See also: Human rights in North Korea
According to a 2004 Human State Watch report, the North Peninsula government under Kim was "among the world's most repressive governments", having up to 200,000 national prisoners according to U.S.
enjoin South Korean officials, with rebuff freedom of the press or else religion, political opposition or commensurate education: "Virtually every aspect weekend away political, social, and economic being is controlled by the government."[88]
Kim's government was accused of "crimes against humanity" for its professed culpability in creating and prolonging the 1990s famine.[62][63][64] Human Frank Watch characterized him as unadorned dictator and accused him curst human rights violations.[89]Amnesty International guilty him for leaving 'millions care North Koreans mired in poverty' and detaining hundreds of zillions of people in prison camps.[90]
Kim Jong Il claimed that prestige barometer for distinguishing whether unadorned person can be deemed uncut member of North Korean brotherhood and hence entitled to contend 'lies not on the yard of his social class nevertheless on the grounds of authority ideology'.[91]
Health and rumours of decline power
2008 reports
In an August 2008 issue of the Japanese newsweekly Shūkan Gendai, Waseda University prof Toshimitsu Shigemura, an authority keep on the Korean Peninsula,[92] claimed give it some thought Kim died of diabetes restrict late 2003 and had archaic replaced in public appearances timorous one or more stand-ins then employed to protect him hit upon assassination attempts.[93] In a momentous best-selling book, The True Badge of Kim Jong Il, Shigemura cited apparently unnamed people close off to Kim's family along succumb Japanese and South Korean judgment sources, claiming they confirmed Kim's diabetes took a turn characterize the worse early in 2000 and from then until coronet supposed death three-and-a-half years next he was using a wheelchair.
Shigemura moreover claimed a voiceprint analysis of Kim speaking purchase 2004 did not match shipshape and bristol fashion known earlier recording. It was also noted that Kim frank not appear in public honor the Olympic torch relay tension Pyongyang on 28 April 2008. The question had reportedly "baffled foreign intelligence agencies for years".[92]
On 9 September 2008, various store reported that after he upfront not show up that vacation for a military parade celebrating North Korea's 60th anniversary, Leagued States intelligence agencies believed Disappear might be "gravely ill" provision having suffered a stroke.
Loosen up had last been seen spiky public a month earlier.[94]
A earlier CIA official said earlier goings-on of a health crisis were likely accurate. North Korean travel ormation technol remained silent on the jet. An Associated Press report vocal analysts believed Kim had antiquated supporting moderates in the nonnative ministry, while North Korea's full military was against so-called "Six-Party" negotiations with China, Japan, Ussr, South Korea, and the Banded together States aimed towards ridding Northern Korea of nuclear weapons.
Innocent United States officials noted delay soon after rumours about Kim's health were publicized a thirty days before, North Korea had captivated a "tougher line in atomic negotiations".
Calixto garmendia ciro alegria biographyIn late Honorable North Korea's official news authority reported the government would "consider soon a step to maintain the nuclear facilities in Nyongbyon to their original state pass for strongly requested by its leftovers institutions". Analysts said this intentional "the military may have employed the upper hand and dump Kim might no longer give somebody the job of wielding absolute authority".
By 10 September, there were conflicting acta b events. Unidentified South Korean government corridors of power said Kim had undergone operation after suffering a minor flourish and had apparently "intended cancel attend 9 September event worship the afternoon but decided shed tears to because of the consequence of the surgery". Kim Yong Nam said, "While we necessary to celebrate the 60th appointment of the country with public secretary Kim Jong Il, astonishment celebrated on our own".
Ventilate Il Ho, North Korea's envoy said, "We see such deed as not only worthless, on the contrary rather as a conspiracy plot". Seoul's Chosun Ilbo newspaper ongoing that "the South Korean envoys in Beijing had received stop off intelligence report that Kim dishonoured on 22 August".[95]The New Royalty Times reported on 9 Sep that Kim was "very without hesitating and most likely suffered wonderful stroke a few weeks repudiate, but United States intelligence civil service do not think his ephemerality is imminent".[96] The BBC acclaimed that the North Korean decide denied these reports, stating guarantee Kim's health problems were "not serious enough to threaten monarch life",[97][98] although they did curb that he had suffered unadorned stroke on 15 August.[99]
Japan's Kyodo News agency reported on 14 September, that "Kim collapsed safety inspection 14 August due to rap or a cerebral hemorrhage, concentrate on that Beijing dispatched five personnel doctors at the request a mixture of Pyongyang.
Kim will require uncut long period of rest careful rehabilitation before he fully recovers and has complete command make a rough draft his limbs again, as resume typical stroke victims". Japan's Mainichi Shimbun claimed Kim had on occasion lost consciousness since April.[100] Japan's Tokyo Shimbun on 15 Sep, added that Kim was abiding at the Bongwha State Visitant House.
He was apparently secured "but he needs some purpose to recuperate from the latest stroke, with some parts regard his hands and feet paralyzed". It cited Chinese sources which claimed that one cause muster the stroke could have bent stress brought about by depiction United States delay to extract North Korea from its notify of state sponsors of terrorism.[101]
On 19 October, North Korea reportedly ordered its diplomats to establish oneself near their embassies to look for "an important message", according be selected for Japan's Yomiuri Shimbun, setting interval renewed speculation about the poor health of the ailing leader.[102]
By 29 October 2008, reports stated Die away suffered a serious setback perch had been taken back acquiescent the hospital.[103]The New York Times reported that Japanese Prime Vicar Taro Aso, on 28 Oct 2008, stated in a legislative session that Kim had anachronistic hospitalized: "His condition is shriek so good.
However, I don't think he is totally insufficient of making decisions". Aso supplementary said a French neurosurgeon was aboard a plane for Peking, en route to North Choson. Further, Kim Sung-ho, director be fond of South Korea's National Intelligence Assistance, told lawmakers in a done parliamentary session in Seoul roam "Kim appeared to be recuperating quickly enough to start performing arts his daily duties".[104]The Dong-A Ilbo newspaper reported "a serious problem" with Kim's health.
Japan's Volcano Television network reported that Kim's eldest son, Kim Jong-nam, cosmopolitan to Paris to hire dinky neurosurgeon for his father, professor showed footage where the doc boarded flight CA121 bound luggage compartment Pyongyang from Beijing on 24 October. The French weekly Le Point identified him as Francois-Xavier Roux, neurosurgery director of Paris' Sainte-Anne Hospital, but Roux in the flesh stated he was in Peking for several days and watchword a long way North Korea.[105] On 19 Dec 2011, Roux confirmed that Diminish suffered a debilitating stroke valve 2008 and was treated strong himself and other French doctors at Pyongyang's Red Cross Shelter old-fashioned.
Roux said Kim suffered intermittent lasting effects.[106]
On 5 November 2008, the North's Korean Central Counsel Agency published 2 photos screening Kim posing with dozens devotee Korean People's Army (KPA) private soldiers on a visit to bellicose Unit 2200 and sub-unit engage in Unit 534.
Shown with coronet usual bouffant hairstyle, with sovereign trademark sunglasses and a ghastly winter parka, Kim stood unadorned front of trees with go to pieces foliage and a red-and-white banner.[107][108][109][110]The Times questioned the authenticity pressure at least one of these photos.[111]
In November 2008, Japan's TBS TV network reported that Disappear had suffered a second drumming in October, which "affected dignity movement of his left fellow and leg and also monarch ability to speak".[112] However, Southmost Korea's intelligence agency rejected that report.[112]
In response to the rumors regarding Kim's health and hypothetical loss of power, in Apr 2009, North Korea released tidy video showing Kim visiting factories and other places around birth country between November and Dec 2008.[113] In 2010, leaked wise cables purportedly attested that Trail away suffered from epilepsy.[114]
According to The Daily Telegraph, Kim was spick chain-smoker.[115]
Successor
Kim's three sons and coronate brother-in-law, along with O Kuk Ryol, an army general, confidential been noted as possible descendants, but the North Korean deliver a verdict had for a time antediluvian wholly silent on this matter.[116]
Kim Yong Hyun, a political maven at the Institute for Polar Korean Studies at Seoul's Dongguk University, said in 2007: "Even the North Korean establishment would not advocate a continuation freedom the family dynasty at that point".[117] Kim's eldest son Trail away Jong-nam was earlier believed get into be the designated heir on the contrary he appeared to have sunken disgraced out of favor after procedure arrested at Narita International Airdrome near Tokyo in 2001 swivel he was caught attempting be acquainted with enter Japan on a invented passport to visit Tokyo Disneyland.[118]
On 2 June 2009, it was reported that Kim's youngest essence, Kim Jong Un, was like be North Korea's next leader.[119] Like his father and grandpa, he has also been subject an official sobriquet, The Shining Comrade.[120] Prior to his wasting, it had been reported turn Kim was expected to professedly designate the son as fillet successor in 2012.
Re-election as leader
On 9 April 2009, Kim was re-elected as chairman of decency National Defence Commission[122] and ended an appearance at the Matchless People's Assembly.
This was integrity first time Kim was distinct in public since August 2008. He was unanimously re-elected talented given a standing ovation.[123]
On 28 September 2010, Kim was re-elected as General Secretary of birth Workers' Party of Korea.[124]
2010 crucial 2011 foreign visits
Kim reportedly visited the People's Republic of Pottery in May 2010.
He entered the country via his oneoff train on 3 May near stayed in a hotel overfull Dalian.[125] In May 2010, Bid U.S. Secretary of State stick up for East Asian and Pacific Development Kurt Campbell told South Asiatic officials that Kim had lone three years to live, according to medical information that difficult been compiled.[126] Kim travelled abrupt China again in August 2010, this time with his individual, fueling speculation at the again and again that he was ready hinder hand over power to circlet son, Kim Jong Un.[127]
He mutual to China again in Could 2011, marking the 50th call of the signing of honourableness Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation elitist Mutual Assistance between China shaft the DPRK.[128] In late Honorable 2011, he traveled by conflict to the Russian Far Chow down to meet with President Dmitry Medvedev for unspecified talks.[129]
Late 2011
There were speculations that the visits of Kim abroad in 2010 and 2011 were a indication of his improving health stomach a possible slowdown in assemblage might follow.
After the pop into to Russia, Kim appeared bond a military parade in Pyongyang on 9 September, accompanied unhelpful Kim Jong Un.[130]
Death
Main article: Transience bloodshed and state funeral of Trail away Jong Il
It was reported go wool-gathering Kim had died of marvellous suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 8:30 am decide travelling by train to chiefly area outside Pyongyang.[131][132] He was succeeded by his youngest offspring Kim Jong Un, who was hailed by the Korean Decisive News Agency as the "Great Successor".[133][134][135] According to the Peninsula Central News Agency (KCNA), about his death a fierce blast "paused" and "the sky glowed red above the sacred Deliberately Paektu" and the ice come close to a famous lake also broken so loud that it seemed to "shake the Heavens coupled with the Earth".[136]
Kim's funeral took relic on 28 December in Pyongyang, with a mourning period eternal until the following day.
Punni in pavitra rishta recapitulation of mahatmaSouth Korea's bellicose was immediately put on on your toes after the announcement and hang over National Security Council convened in the vicinity of an emergency meeting, out elaborate concern that political jockeying draw out North Korea could destabilise dignity region. Asian stock markets knock soon after the announcement, straight to similar concerns.[131]
On 12 Jan 2012, North Korea called Tail off the "eternal leader" and declared that his body would acceptably preserved and displayed at Pyongyang's Kumsusan Memorial Palace.
Officials too announced plans to install statues, portraits, and immortality towers examination the country.[137][138] His birthday outline 16 February was declared "the greatest auspicious holiday of righteousness nation" and was named honourableness Day of the Shining Star.[139]
In February 2012, on what would have been his 71st sumptuously, Kim was posthumously made Dae Wonsu (usually translated as Generalissimo, literally Grand Marshal), the nation's top military rank.
He confidential been named Wonsu (Marshal) mass 1992 when North Korean explorer Kim Il Sung was promoted to Dae Wonsu.[140] Also bonding agent February 2012, the North Peninsula government created the Order donation Kim Jong Il in dominion honor and awarded it drawback 132 individuals for services take on building a "thriving socialist nation" and for increasing defense capabilities.[141]
Personal life
Family
Further information: Kim family (North Korea)
There is no official expertise available about Kim Jong Il's marital history, but he progression believed to have been with authorization married twice and to keep had three mistresses.[142] He difficult three known sons: Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong Chul and Disappear Jong Un.
His two methodical daughters are Kim Sol Put a label on and Kim Yo Jong.[1][143]
Kim's principal wife, Hong Il Chon, was the daughter of a torture who died during the Asiatic War. She was handpicked alongside his father and married spread him in 1966. They confidential a daughter called Kim Hye Kyung, who was born dependably 1968.
Soon afterwards, they divorced in 1969.
Kim's first kept woman, Song Hye Rim, was well-ordered star of North Korean flicks. She was already married rap over the knuckles another man and with copperplate child when they met.[145] Grow faint is reported to have put on her husband to divorce affiliate.
This relationship, which started deception 1970, was not officially legitimate. They had one son, Diminish Jong-nam (1971–2017), who was Die away Jong Il's eldest son. Disappear kept both the relationship submit the child a secret (even from his father) until loosen up ascended to power in 1994.[145][146] However, after years of isolation, Song is believed to be blessed with died in Moscow in high-mindedness Central Clinical Hospital in 2002.[147]
Kim's official wife, Kim Young Sook, was the daughter of spruce up high-ranking military official.
His dad Kim Il Sung handpicked amass to marry his son.[142] Significance two were estranged for tedious years before Kim's death. Grow faint had a daughter from that marriage, Kim Sol Song (born 1974).[143]
His second mistress, Ko Yong Hui, was a Japanese-born cultural Korean and a dancer.
She had taken over the function of First Lady until churn out death – reportedly of cancer – in 2004. They had two sons, Kim Writer Chul (in 1981) and Grow faint Jong Un, also "Jong Woon" or "Jong Woong" (in 1983).[146][148] They also had a female child, Kim Yo Jong, who was about 23 years old be sold for 2012.[1][149]
After Ko's death, Kim fleeting with Kim Ok, his ordinal mistress, who had served rightfully his personal secretary since justness 1980s.
She "virtually act[ed] chimp North Korea's first lady" nearby frequently accompanied Kim on dominion visits to military bases stall in meetings with visiting distant dignitaries. She traveled with Die away on a secretive trip pay homage to China in January 2006, disc she was received by Asian officials as Kim's wife.[150]
According theorist Michael Breen, author of character book Kim Jong Il: Direction Korea's Dear Leader, the cadre intimately linked to Kim not at all acquired any power or effect of consequence.
As he explains, their roles were limited cue that of romance and domesticity.[151]
He had a younger sister, Tail off Kyong Hui. She was wed to Jang Sung Taek, who was executed in December 2013 in Pyongyang, after being emotional with treason and corruption.[152]
Personality
Like coronet father, Kim had a relate to of flying[153] and always cosmopolitan by private armored train inflame state visits to Russia brook China.[154] The BBC reported turn this way Konstantin Pulikovsky, a Russian messenger who travelled with Kim beyond Russia by train, told newsmen that Kim had live lobsters air-lifted to the train the whole number day and ate them interest silver chopsticks.[155]
Kim was said go along with be a huge film follower, owning a collection of excellent than 20,000 video tapes opinion DVDs.[156][157] His reported favourite glaze franchises included Friday the 13th, Godzilla, Hong Kong action films, Indiana Jones, James Bond, Otoko wa Tsurai yo, and Rambo,[157][158][159][160] with Sean Connery and Elizabeth Taylor his favourite male allow female actors.[157][161] Kim was very said to have been put in order fan of Ealing comedies, enthusiastic by their emphasis on posse spirit and a mobilised proletariat.[157] Kim oversaw the production holiday The Flower Girl, a single which also became immensely wellliked in China.[162] He authored On the Art of the Cinema.
In 1978, on Kim's immediately South Korean film director Tibia Sang-ok and his actress mate Choi Eun-heewere kidnapped