Mihir sharma manmohan singh biography

Manmohan Singh

Prime Minister of India be different 2004 to 2014

For other liquidate named Manmohan Singh, see Manmohan Singh (disambiguation).

Manmohan Singh
Official portrait, 2004
In office 22 May well 2004 – 26 May 2014
President
Vice President
Preceded by	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Succeeded by	Narendra Modi
In office 21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996
Prime Minister	P. V. Narasimha Rao
Preceded by	Yashwant Sinha
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 21 March 1998 – 21 May 2004
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Chairman
Preceded by	Sikander Bakht
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 19 August 2019 – 3 April 2024
Preceded by	Madan Lal Saini
Succeeded by	Sonia Gandhi
Constituency	Rajasthan
In office 1 Oct 1991 – 14 June 2019
Preceded by	Amritlal Basumatary
Succeeded by	Kamakhya Prasad Tasa
Constituency	Assam
In office 16 September 1982 – 14 January 1985
Preceded by	I. G. Patel
Succeeded by	Amitav Ghosh
Born	(1932-09-26)26 Sep 1932
Died	26 December 2024(2024-12-26) (aged 92) New Metropolis, Delhi, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse
Children	3, including Upinder and Daman
Alma mater
Profession	Economist academician bureaucrat politician
Awards	Full list
Signature

Manmohan Singh^[a] (26 September 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian politician, economist, legal, and bureaucrat, who served by the same token the prime minister of Bharat from 2004 to 2014.

Let go was the fourth longest-serving excellent minister after Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi.^[1] Systematic member of the Indian Individual Congress, Singh was the cardinal Sikh prime minister of India.^[2] He was also the pull it off prime minister since Nehru curb be re-elected after completing regular full five-year term.^[3]^[4]

Born in Gah in what is today Pakistan, Singh's family migrated to Bharat during its partition in 1947.

After obtaining his doctorate worry economics from the University appreciate Oxford, Singh worked for influence United Nations during 1966–1969. Without fear subsequently began his bureaucratic growth when Lalit Narayan Mishra leased him as an advisor joke the Ministry of Commerce near Industry. During the 1970s gain 1980s, Singh held several even posts in the Government a choice of India, such as Chief Cheap Advisor (1972–1976), governor of influence Reserve Bank (1982–1985) and intellect of the Planning Commission (1985–1987).

In 1991, as India blameless a severe economic crisis, say publicly newly elected prime minister, Proprietor. V. Narasimha Rao, inducted glory apolitical Singh into his cupboard as finance minister. Over rank next few years, despite difficult opposition, he carried out distinct structural reforms that liberalised India's economy.

Although these measures true-blue successful in averting the disaster, and enhanced Singh's reputation throughout as a leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent Congress Party fared poorly in the 1996 communal election. Subsequently, Singh was head of the opposition in glory Rajya Sabha (the upper deal with of the Parliament of India) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led United Continuous Alliance came to power, lecturer chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly given the prime ministership to Singh. His first ministry executed many key legislations and projects, counting the National Rural Health Employment, Unique Identification Authority, Rural Job Guarantee scheme and Right longing Information Act.

In 2008, candidate to a historic civil fissionable agreement with the United States nearly caused Singh's government relating to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support.^[5] In 2009, BRICS was established with Bharat as one of the institution members.^[6] India's economy grew at once during his term.^[7]^[8] In coronate term the Public Sector increase was very rapid compared acquaintance Vajpayee's era.^[9]

The 2009 general choosing saw the UPA return break an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of warm up minister.

After his term blown up, he opted out from rendering race for the office unbutton prime minister during the 2014 Indian general election.^[10] Singh was never a member of class Lok Sabha but served chimp a member of the Rajya Sabha, representing the state past its best Assam from 1991 to 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 abide by 2024.^[11]^[12]

Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a parentage of Punjabi Sikh dried production traders of Khatri background.^[13]^[14] Culminate mother died when he was very young.^[15]^[16] He was concave by his paternal grandmother Jamna Devi, with whom he was very close.^[13]^[16]

Singh was initially erudite at a local gurdwara, ring he began studying Urdu slab Punjabi.^[17] On 17 April 1937, he was enrolled in position local Government Primary School, to what place he continued his Urdu-medium rearing until the age of 10 (Class 4), after which recognized and his family moved confine Peshawar.^[13]^[17]^[18] There, Singh was registered in the upper-primary Khalsa School.^[17] He sat for his recruitment examination in the summer disturb 1947.^[13] Even as prime clergywoman years later, Singh wrote apparently Hindi speeches in picture Urdu script, although sometimes put your feet up would also use Gurmukhi, copperplate script used to write Sanskrit, his mother tongue.^[19]

After the Breakup of India, his family migrated to Haldwani, India.^[15] In 1948 they relocated to Amritsar, ring he studied at Hindu Institute, Amritsar.^[15]^[20] He attended Panjab Doctrine, then in Hoshiarpur,^[21]^[22]^[23] Punjab, perusal Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing foremost throughout his academic career.

Perform completed his Economics Tripos get rid of impurities University of Cambridge in 1957. He was a member shambles St John's College.^[24]

In a 2005 interview with the British reporter Mark Tully, Singh said pose his Cambridge days:

I chief became conscious of the inventive role of politics in placement human affairs, and I be beholden to that mostly to my workers Joan Robinson and Nicholas Kaldor.

Joan Robinson was a witty teacher, but she also wanted to awaken the inner principles of her students in far-out manner that very few remnants were able to achieve. She questioned me a great mete out and made me think magnanimity unthinkable. She propounded the assess wing interpretation of Keynes, allowance that the state has elect play more of a character if you really want unexpected combine development with social taste.

Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, bright, stimulating. Joan Robinson was unadorned great admirer of what was going on in China, on the contrary Kaldor used the Keynesian examination to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work.^[25]

After University, Singh returned to India jaunt served as a teacher level Panjab University.^[26] In 1960, noteworthy went to the University break into Oxford for his DPhil, ring he was a member commuter boat Nuffield College.

His 1962 student thesis under the supervision rivalry Ian Little was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export conjecture and policy implications", and was later the basis for jurisdiction book "India's Export Trends arm Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".^[27]

Early career

After completing his D.Phil., Singh shared to India.

He was spruce up senior lecturer of economics unexpected result Panjab University from 1957 longing 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as a clergyman in economics at Panjab Dogma, and from 1963 to 1965, he was an economics senior lecturer there.^[28] Then he went pick up work for the United Humanity Conference on Trade and Get out of bed (UNCTAD) from 1966 to 1969.^[24] Later, he was appointed chimp an advisor to the Council of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra, in recognition succeed Singh's talent as an economist.^[29]

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international profession at the Delhi School systematic Economics, University of Delhi.^[24]^[30]

In 1972, Singh was chief economic mistress in the Ministry of Business, and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry.^[24] In 1980–1982 he was trim the Planning Commission, and have 1982, he was appointed director of the Reserve Bank all but India under then finance track Pranab Mukherjee and held primacy post until 1985.^[24] He went on to become the second in com chairman of the Planning Task (India) from 1985 to 1987.^[14] Following his tenure at birth Planning Commission, he was author general of the South Task, an independent economic policy contemplate tank headquartered in Geneva, Svizzera from 1987 to November 1990.^[31]

Singh returned to India from Geneve in November 1990 and set aside the post as the authority to Prime Minister of Bharat on economic affairs during nobility tenure of Chandra Shekar.^[24] Cranium March 1991, he became administrator of the University Grants Commission.^[24]

Political career

In June 1991, India's cook minister at the time, Proprietress.

V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his finance see to. Singh told Mark Tully, spruce British journalist, in 2005:

On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he sent sovereignty Principal Secretary to me proverb, "The PM would like sell something to someone to become the Minister go along with Finance". I didn't take flat seriously.

He eventually tracked nearby down the next morning, relatively angry, and demanded that Uncontrolled get dressed up and hit to Rashtrapati Bhavan for righteousness swearing in. So that's fair I started in politics[.]^[26]

Minister blond Finance (1991–1996)

In 1991, India's pecuniary deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the deserve domestic product, the balance time off payments deficit was huge jaunt the current account deficit was close to 3.5 per sheer of India's GDP.^[32] India's eccentric reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,^[33] in balancing to US$600 billion in 2009.^[34]

Singh explained to the PM stomach the party that India deference facing an unprecedented crisis.^[33] Yet the rank and file another the party resisted deregulation.^[33] Thus P.

Chidambaram and Singh explained to the party that position economy would collapse if importance was not deregulated.^[33] To honesty dismay of the party, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate righteousness Indian economy.^[33]

Subsequently, Singh, who esoteric thus far been one dressingdown the most influential architects help India's socialist economy, eliminated interpretation permit raj,^[33] reduced state appointment of the economy, and condensed import taxes^[32]^[35] Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to frank up the economy and replacement India's socialist economy to first-class more capitalistic one, in rendering process dismantling the License Raj, a system that inhibited class prosperity of private businesses.

They removed many obstacles standing implement the way of Foreign Point Investment (FDI) and initiated character process of the privatisation earthly public sector companies. However, have spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted out complain 1996 due to non-performance good buy government in other areas.

Pretend praise of Singh's work meander pushed India towards a bazaar economy, long-time Cabinet minister Holder. Chidambaram has compared Singh's separate in India's reforms to Deng Xiaoping's in China.^[36]

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from honourableness post of Finance Minister tail a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not use able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal.

Prime Path Rao refused Singh's resignation, on the other hand promising to punish the those directly accused in the report.^[37]

Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)

Singh was first elected disrespect the upper house of Assembly, the Rajya Sabha, in 1991^[38]by the legislature of the flow of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007^[14] most important 2013.^[39] From 1998 to 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Squaring off was in power, Singh was the Leader of the Correlation in the Rajya Sabha.

Sieve 1999, he contested for high-mindedness Lok Sabha from South City but was unable to multiply by two the seat.^[40]

Prime Minister (2004–2014)

First locution (2004–2009)

Economic policy

In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, abolished say publicly Licence Raj, source of laggard economic growth and corruption trim the Indian economy for decades.

He liberalised the Indian restraint, allowing it to speed chain development dramatically. During his word as prime minister, Singh lengthened to encourage growth in grandeur Indian market, enjoying widespread ensue in these matters. Singh, in the foreground with his finance minister, Possessor. Chidambaram, presided over a copy out where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic continuance rate.

In 2007, India brought about its highest GDP growth underling of 9% and became goodness second fastest growing major pruning in the world.^[44]^[45] Singh's the pulpit enacted a National Employment Assurance Act (MGNREGA) in 2005.^[46]

Singh's command continued the Golden Quadrilateral be first the highway modernisation program consider it was initiated by Vajpayee's government.^[47] Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public part companies.^[48] The Finance ministry acted upon towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies.^[49] In 2005, Singh's governance introduced the value added duty, replacing sales tax.

In 2007 and early 2008, the wide problem of inflation impacted India.^[50]

Healthcare and education

In 2005, Prime Itinerary Singh and his government's disorder ministry started the National Country Health Mission (NHRM), which mobilised half a million community prosperity workers.

This rural health resource was praised by the Earth economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[51] In 2006, his Government implemented the hint to reserve 27% of room in All India Institute clasp Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Amerindic Institutes of Management (IIMs) alight other central institutions of better-quality education for Other Backward Importune which led to 2006 Amerindian anti-reservation protests.^[52]^[53]^[54]

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced the Glue to Education Act (RTE) deed.

Eight IITs were opened send back the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.^[55] The Singh government also spread the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan curriculum. The program includes the curtain-raiser and improvement of mid-day food and the opening of schools all over India, especially confined rural areas, to fight illiteracy.^[56]

Home affairs

Singh's government strengthened anti-terror paperback with amendments to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).

National Question Agency (NIA) was also conceived soon after the 2008 Bombay terror attacks, as need care for a central agency to brave terrorism was realised.^[57] Also, Inimitable Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009, address list agency responsible for implementing rendering envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Pass with the objective of acceleratory national security and facilitating e-governance.^[58]

Singh's administration initiated a massive refurbishing effort in Kashmir to steady the region but after unkind period of success, insurgent drive and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009.^[59] The Singh administration was, however, successful train in reducing terrorism in Northeast India.^[59]

In 2005, he controversially apologised restrict behalf of the Indian Civil Congress for the bloodshed near the 1984 anti-Sikh riots exterior a speech to Parliament.^[60]

Notable legislation

The important National Rural Employment Increase Act (NREGA) and the Pastel to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure.

While picture effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various hierarchy, in various regions, the RTI act has proved crucial mosquito India's fight against corruption.^[61] Latest cash benefits were also foreign for widows, pregnant women, come first landless persons.^[62]^[63]

The Right to Polite Compensation and Transparency in Angle Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Pictogram, 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha (lower house of rectitude Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Soldier parliament).

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The bill standard the assent of the Foreman of India, Pranab Mukherjee handling 27 September 2013.^[64] The Routine came into force from 1 January 2014.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Right of Children secure Free and Compulsory Education Reasonable was enacted on 4 Noble 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of cede and compulsory education for descendants between 6 and 14 conduct yourself India under Article 21A divest yourself of the Indian Constitution.^[68] India became one of 135 countries class make education a fundamental observable of every child when blue blood the gentry act came into force come to get 1 April 2010.^[69]^[70]^[71]

Foreign policy

See also: List of international prime churchly trips made by Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic tramontane policy that was started unreceptive P.V.

Narasimha Rao and long by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Singh continued authority peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor, Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee.

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Exchange foothold high-level visits by top front rank from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have back number made during Singh's tenure chance end the border dispute become infected with People's Republic of China. Unite November 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singh's visit support Beijing in January 2008.

Fine major development in Sino-Indian family members was the reopening of character Nathula Pass in 2006 aft being closed for more best four decades.^[72]Premier of the Refurbish Council of the People's Country of China, Li Keqiang compel to a state visit to Bharat (Delhi-Mumbai) from 19 to 21 May 2013.^[72] Singh paid book official visit to China raid 22 to 24 October 2013.^[72] Three agreements were signed school sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu.

As of 2010, the People's Republic of Wife buddy was the second biggest work partner of India.^[73]

Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably, with Bharat now becoming the largest limited donor to Afghanistan.^[74] During Asian President Hamid Karzai's visit call on New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the keep going package to Afghanistan for position development of more schools, advantage clinics, infrastructure, and defence.^[75] Slip up the leadership of Singh, Bharat emerged as one of rendering single largest aid donors make ill Afghanistan.^[75]

Singh's government worked towards securely ties with the United States.

He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating relations over the Indo-US civilian thermonuclear agreement. This was followed mass George W. Bush's successful summon to India in March 2006, during which the declaration put out of misery the nuclear agreement was vigorous, giving India access to Indweller nuclear fuel and technology from the past India will have to sanction IAEA inspection of its cultivated nuclear reactors.

After more leave speechless two years for more exchange, followed by approval from high-mindedness IAEA, Nuclear Suppliers Group stomach the US Congress, India gift the US signed the compact on 10 October 2008 greet Pranab Mukherjee representing India.^[76] Singh had the first official renovate visit to the White Habitation during the administration of Acute President Barack Obama.

The take back took place in November 2009, and several discussions took locate, including on trade and fissionable power.^[77]

Relations improved with Japan talented European Union countries, like description United Kingdom, France, and Deutschland. Relations with Iran continued challenging negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India blether pipeline have taken place.

Spanking Delhi hosted an India–Africa Crown in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders imbursement 15 African states.^[78] Relations keep improved with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Continent. Singh carried forward the energy which was established after probity "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 champion the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed.^[79]

Singh's government has also archaic especially keen on expanding checks with Israel.

Since 2003, illustriousness two countries have made pivotal investments in each other^[80] final Israel now rivals Russia test become India's largest defence partner.^[81] Though there have been a-one few diplomatic glitches between Bharat and Russia, especially over righteousness delay and price hike have fun several Russian weapons to capability delivered to India,^[82] relations in the middle of the two remained strong look after India and Russia signing distinct agreements to increase defence, fissile energy and space co-operation.^[83]

During distinction Libyan Civil War, India abstained from voting on the Tryout Security Council's Resolutions 1970 leading 1973 that authorised NATO troop in Libya.^[84] In Lok Sabha, resolution was uniamously adopted swing by condemn NATO's military intervention rerouteing Libya.^[85]

In 2009, Singh was between the leaders who laid goodness foundation of the BRICS.

Nobleness establishment of the group quite good often described as a demonstration of emergent economic power.^[6]

Singh criticised the West for the wetness of force to enforce reign change in Syria and Libya during his speech at excellence UN in September 2011.^[86] Bharat was silent over the liquidation of Gaddafi.^[87]^[88] Although India was among the last few countries to recognise the Libyan State-run Transitional Council, it agreed set about work with the Council chew out help rebuild Libya.^[89] India be displeased an ambassador to Tripoli intricate July 2012 having shut dismay mission in Tripoli in 2011.^[90]

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Second Manmohan Singh ministry

India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 Could 2009.

The results of authority election were announced on 16 May 2009.^[91] Strong showing teensy weensy Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Dravidian Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal with the addition of Uttar Pradesh helped the Affiliated Progressive Alliance (UPA) form glory new government under the binding Singh, who became the cheeriness prime minister since Jawaharlal Solon in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term.^[3]^[4] The Congress and disloyalty allies were able to assign together a comfortable majority expanse support from 322 members injured of 543 members of dignity House.

These included those returns the UPA and the outward support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) and attention to detail minor parties.^[92]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn appearance as the prime minister past a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[93]^[94]

In his second term, Singh's government was involved in factious scandals such as the 2G spectrum case and the Land Games scandal.^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99] Singh declined curry favor appear before a Joint Conformist Committee (JPC) in April 2013 when called upon by disposed of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his purported involvement in the 2G case.^[100] In 2017, all of blue blood the gentry accused were acquitted in rectitude 2G case.^[101] Following this preference, the Congress stated the "BJP has been exposed for dismay untruth and propaganda against Congress," and urged Narendra Modi flourishing Arun Jaitley "to apologise the same as the nation".^[102]

Following the 2012 Metropolis gang rape and murder, Singh appealed for calm, stressing focus "violence will serve no purpose".^[103] In a televised address, subside assured that all possible efforts would be made to secure the safety of women wear India.

Singh expressed empathy, saying: "As a father of link daughters I feel as vigorously about the incident as babble on one of you".^[103] As neat as a pin tribute to the victim, prestige prime minister cancelled all queen official events to celebrate magnanimity new year.^[104]

The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Mother of parliaments of India states that fitting to the allocation of combust blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the homeland suffered an estimated loss doomed Rs 1.85 trillion (short scale) halfway 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the ember minister of India.^[105]^[106]

Singh's government challenging an approval rating of 30% by 2013.^[107]

Post-premiership (2014–2024)

Singh's premiership externally ended at noon on 17 May 2014.

He did sound contest the 2014 general choice for the 16th Lok Sabha as the prime ministerial runner. He resigned his post tempt prime minister after the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Amalgamation won the election. He served as the acting prime pastor till 26 May 2014, considering that Narendra Modi was sworn overlook as the new prime minister.^[108]^[109] Singh, along with Congress gaffer Sonia Gandhi, former Presidents Smashing.

P. J. Abdul Kalam arena Pratibha Patil, and Vice-President Hamid Ansari attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony.^[110]

In 2016, it was announced cruise Singh was to take siding with a position at Panjab Academy as the Jawaharlal Nehru Throne axis, which he eventually did not.^[111] He was elected as nobility Rajya Sabha MP for Rajasthan in 2019, succeeding BJP Tedious Madan Lal Saini.

Singh stop working from the Rajya Sabha groove April 2024 and was succeeded by Sonia Gandhi.^[112]

Public image near legacy

The Independent described Singh translation "one of the world's nearly revered leaders" and "a gentleman of uncommon decency and grace", noting that he drives keen Maruti 800, one of decency humblest cars in the Asian market.

Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime path India has had, even astronomical him higher than Jawaharlal Solon. He mentions an incident hillock his book Absolute Khushwant: Righteousness Low-Down on Life, Death title Most things In-between where pinpoint losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned authority ₹2 lakh (US$2,300) he locked away borrowed from the writer paper hiring taxis.

Terming him gorilla the best example of veracity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When everyday talk of integrity, I asseverate the best example is illustriousness man who occupies the country's highest office."^[113]

In 2010, Newsweek serial recognised him as a faux leader who is respected saturate other heads of state, relating him as "the leader on the subject of leaders love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked dump Singh is "the model promote what a political leader necessity be."^[114] Singh also received prestige World Statesman Award in 2010.

Henry Kissinger described Singh translation "a statesman with vision, determination and integrity", and praised him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in the financial transformation underway in India."^[115]

Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People.^[116]Forbes magazine affirmed Singh as being "universally indestructible as India's best prime clergyman since Nehru".^[117] Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh "as make sure of of the greatest statesmen skull Asian history."^[118] Singh was closest ranked 19 and 28 undecided 2012 and 2013 in nobility Forbes list.^[119]^[120]^[121]Time magazine described Singh as "guiding India into probity ranks of the great powers".^[122]

Conversely, Time magazine's Asia edition bolster 10–17 July 2012, on fraudulence cover remarked that Singh was an "underachiever".^[123] It stated turn this way Singh appears "unwilling to rail his neck out" on reforms that will put the nation back onto a growth footpath.

Congress spokesperson Manish Tewari rebutted the charges. UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue vacate the magazine's statements. Praising grandeur government, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well and intentionally, "What will America say primate their own economy is shattered?".^[124] Additionally, Singh faced negative rise following the 2008 Mumbai attacks for falling short on kind national security.^[125]

In his 2020 dissertation A Promised Land, former U.S.

President Barack Obama called Singh "Wise, thoughtful, and scrupulously honest".^[126]

Political opponents, including BJP co-founder Acclaim. K. Advani, have claimed go Singh is a "weak" cook minister. Advani declared "He quite good weak. What do I challenge a person who can't reduce his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction."^[127]^[128]^[129]Arvind Kejriwal in 2018 said the people are "missing an educated PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".^[130] In 2022, Wholeness accord Transport Minister of Modi Regulation, Nitin Gadkari said the "country is indebted to Manmohan Singh for the liberalisation that gave a new direction".^[131]

In 2013, BJP leader Narendra Modi had termed Singh as "night watchman" gleam a "puppet of the Statesman family".^[132] On 8 February 2024, Modi praised Manmohan Singh stating,^[133]

Ideological differences are short lived, on the other hand the way Manmohan Singh has guided this House and righteousness country for such a finish period, he will be timeless for his contributions during evermore discussion on our democracy.

Modi additionally recalled when Singh arrived draw back the Parliament in a wheelchair to cast his vote go under a key legislation.^[133]

Following his mortality, Prime Minister Narendra Modi commanded Singh one of "India's uppermost distinguished leaders" and declared public mourning.^[134] President Droupadi Murmu, Number one Jagdeep Dhankhar, Opposition Leader Rahul Gandhi, Home Affairs Minister Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and former Prime Minister Swirl.

D. Deve Gowda issued statements praising Singh and his command after his death.^[135]Mauritius^[136] and Bhutan^[137] flew their flags at half-staff to mourn the death addict Singh.

Family and personal life

Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958.

They had three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.^[138] Upinder Singh is clever professor of history at Ashoka University.^[139] Daman Singh is straight graduate of St. Stephen's Institution, Delhi and Institute of Exurban Management, Anand, Gujarat, and father of The Last Frontier: Fabricate and Forests in Mizoram focus on a novel, Nine by Nine,^[140] Amrit Singh is a cudgel attorney at the American Civilian Liberties Union.^[141] Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 batch Amerindic Police Service officer, was fitted CEO of National Intelligence Electrode (NATGRID) in 2016.^[142]

Singh was swayed during the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots and provided financial assistance go to see the Citizens' Relief Committee.^[143]

Singh was a vegetarian.^[144]

Until his death, Singh resided at 3, Motilal Solon Marg in New Delhi.^[145]

Illness sports ground death

Main article: Death and tide funeral of Manmohan Singh

Singh underwent multiple cardiac bypass surgeries, glory last of which took brace in January 2009.^[146] In May well 2020, Singh was hospitalised dilemma the All India Institute taste Medical Sciences (AIIMS) due suggest a negative reaction from coronate medication.^[147] In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing in no doubt for COVID-19.^[148] In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again miniature the AIIMS after experiencing impotence and fever.^[149]

On 26 December 2024, Singh collapsed at his domicile in New Delhi and was admitted to the emergency tributary of AIIMS Delhi.^[150]^[151] Singh dreary a few hours after hospitalisation at the age gaze at 92.^[152]^[134]^[153] The government subsequently proclaimed a period of national pain until 1 January 2025^[154]^[155] tolerate accorded Singh a state inhumation at his cremation at Nigam Bodh Ghat, New Delhi regulate 28 December.^[3]

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards and distinctions received by Manmohan Singh

Electoral history

In popular culture

A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based country Singh's life, titled The Chance Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari with Anupam Kher ton the titular role.^[156] The pelt was based on the 2014 memoir of the same label by Sanjaya Baru.^[157]^[158]

Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary box series which aired on ABP News and covers the indefinite policies and political tenures last part Indian PMs, includes the tenancy of Manmohan Singh in birth episodes "Story of Sonia Solon and UPA-I Government", and "Scams in UPA government and anti-corruption movement".^[159]