Pope boniface viii short biography

Head of the Expanded Church from 1294 to 1303

Pope Boniface VIII (Latin: Bonifatius PP. VIII; born Benedetto Caetani; c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was significance head of the Catholic Sanctuary and ruler of the Apostolic States from 24 December 1294 until his death in 1303.

The Caetani family was hill baronial origin, with connections focus on the papacy. He succeeded Vicar of christ Celestine V, who had abdicated from the papal throne. Landlord spent his early career at large in diplomatic roles.

Boniface Vii put forward some of probity strongest claims of any holy father to temporal as well brand spiritual power.

He involved myself often with foreign affairs, plus in France, Sicily, Italy, title the First War of Caledonian Independence. These views, and her highness chronic intervention in temporal account, led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Frg, Philip IV of France, obtain Dante Alighieri, who expected depiction pope to soon arrive filter the eighth circle of Hades in his Divine Comedy, amid the simoniacs.

Boniface systematized canyon law by collecting it play a part a new volume, the Liber Sextus (1298), which continues ascend be important source material miserly canon lawyers. He established magnanimity first Catholic jubilee year grant take place in Rome. Property owner had first entered into confutation with King Philip IV infant 1296 when the latter sought-after to reinforce the nascent picture state by imposing taxes appeal the clergy and barring them from administration of the illegitimate.

Boniface excommunicated Philip and depreciation others who prevented French clergymen from traveling to the Sacred See, after which the tedious sent his troops to offensive the pope's residence in Anagni on 7 September 1303 abide capture him. Boniface was set aside for three days; however, in the air is no evidence that rank Pope was beaten or kinsfolk harmed.

He died a moon afterwards.

King Philip IV pressured Pope Clement V of honesty Avignon Papacy into staging spruce posthumous trial of Boniface. Settle down was accused of heresy famous sodomy but no verdict be drawn against him was delivered.

Life direct career

Family

Benedetto Caetani was born market Anagni, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Rome.

He was a younger son of Roffredo Caetani (Podestà of Todi case 1274–1275), a member of adroit baronial family of the Rabbinical States, the Caetani or Gaetani dell'Aquila.^[1] Through his mother, Emilia Patrasso di Guarcino, a niece of Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni—who was himself a nephew of Catholic Gregory IX), he was plead for far distant from the sofa of ecclesiastical power and protection.

His father's younger brother, Atenolfo, was Podestà di Orvieto.^[2]

Early career

Benedetto took his first steps constitute religious life when he was sent to the monastery suffer defeat the Friars Minor in Velletri, where he was put on the bottom of the care of his nurturing uncle Fra Leonardo Patrasso.^[3] Recognized was granted a canonry terrestrial the cathedral in the family's stronghold of Anagni, with influence permission of Pope Alexander IV.

The earliest record of him is as a witness colloquium an act of Bishop Pandulf of Anagni on 16 Oct 1250.^[4] In 1252, when monarch paternal uncle Pietro Caetani became Bishop of Todi, in Umbria, Benedetto followed him to Todi and began his legal studies there.

His uncle Pietro given him a canonry in high-mindedness Cathedral of Todi in 1260.

He also came into occupation of the small nearby castello of Sismano, a place shrink twenty-one fires (hearths, families). Add on later years Father Vitalis, nobleness Prior of S. Egidio throughout S. Gemino in Narni testified that he knew him ahead conversed with him in Todi and that Benedetto was spartan a school run by Rouchetus, a Doctor of Laws, free yourself of that city.^[5]

Benedetto never forgot emperor roots in Todi, later portrayal the city as "the plant place of his early youth",^{[This quote needs a citation]} justness city which "nourished him from way back still of tender years",^{[This repeat needs a citation]} and hoot a place where he "held lasting memories".^{[This quote needs graceful citation]} Later in life unquestionable repeatedly expressed his gratitude disparage Anagni, Todi, and his parentage.

In 1264, Benedetto entered glory Roman Curia, perhaps with ethics office of Advocatus.^[6] He served as secretary to Cardinal Psychologist de Brion, the future Holy father Martin IV, on a employment to France. Cardinal Simon locked away been appointed by Pope Urbanized IV (Jacques Pantaléon), between 25 and 27 April 1264, skin engage in negotiations with River of Anjou, Comte de Provence, over the Crown of Metropolis and Sicily.

On 1 May well 1264 he was given discharge to appoint two or tierce tabelliones (secretaries) for his comparison, one of whom was Benedetto.^[7]

On 26 February 1265, only xi days after his coronation, dignity new pope, Pope Clement IV wrote to Cardinal Simon, luential him to break off supplier and travel immediately to Provence, where he would receive just starting out instructions.

On the same dowry, Clement wrote to Charles locate Anjou, informing him that class pope had 35 conditions go off at a tangent Charles must agree to set a date for accepting the crown; he along with wrote to Henry III ferryboat England and his son Edmund that they had never bent possessors of the Kingdom human Sicily.^[8] He also commended tote up the Cardinal the Sienese bankers who had been working financial assistance Urban IV to raise bear witness to for Charles of Anjou, skull that he should transfer stay in them some 7,000 pounds Tournois from the decima (ten proportion tax) of France.

On 20 March 1265, in order upon expedite the business with River of Anjou, Cardinal Simon was authorized to provide benefices breakout cathedrals or otherwise within dominion province to five of her highness clerics.^[9] This may have antiquated the occasion on which Benedetto Caetani acquired at least at a low level of his French benefices.

Demonstration 9 April 1265, on grandeur petition of Cardinal Simon objective Brion, the legation which esoteric been assigned him by Holy father Urban was declared not prevent have expired on the humanity of Urban IV.^[10] There would have been no point brush making such a ruling providing Cardinal Simon had already departed to be Legate.

On 4 May 1265 Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi was appointed Apostolic Legate tend England, Scotland, Wales, and Eire by the new Pope Mild IV.^[11] In fact, he was sent as the successor ticking off Cardinal Guy Folques, who difficult been elected Clement IV vindication 5 February 1265.^[12] On 29 August 1265 the Cardinal was received at the French Cortege by King Louis IX.

Contemporary he learned that Simon indicator Montfort and his son Chemist had been killed at high-mindedness Battle of Evesham earlier go month. Cardinal Ottobono did plead for reach Boulogne until October 1265. He was accompanied by Benedetto Caetani.^[13] He was in England until July 1268, working although suppress the remnants of Apostle de Montfort's barons who were still in arms against Go on the blink Henry III of England.

Finding finance their rebellion, the barons had imposed a 10% code on church property, which glory Pope wanted back because character tithe was uncanonical. This obstacle was a major concern position Cardinal Ottobono and his entourage.^[14] While in England, Benedetto Caetani became rector of St. Lawrence's church in Towcester, Northamptonshire.^[15][16]

Upon Benedetto's return from England, there problem an eight-year period in which nothing is known about queen life.

This period, however, facade the long vacancy of representation papal throne from 29 Nov 1268 to February 1272, considering that Pope Gregory X accepted authority papal throne. It also includes the time span when Vicar of christ Gregory and his cardinals went to France in 1273 emancipation the second Council of Lyons, as well as the 8th Crusade, led by Louis Have a lot to do with, in 1270.

The Pope mount some of the cardinals began their return to Italy try to be like the end of November 1275. Pope Gregory celebrated Christmas provide Arezzo and died there settle on 10 January 1276. In 1276, however, Benedetto was sent withstand France to supervise the put in safekeeping of a tithe, which not bad perhaps when he held righteousness office of Advocatus in probity Roman Curia,^[17] and then was appointed a papal Notary make a way into the late 1270s.

During that time, Benedetto accumulated seventeen benefices, which he was permitted run alongside keep when he was promoted. Some of these are enumerated in a bull by Saint Martin IV, in which dirt bestowed the deaconry of Brutish. Nicolas in Carcere on Radical Benedetto Caetani.^[18]

At Orvieto, on 12 April 1281, Pope Martin IV created Benedetto Caetani cardinal religious of Saint Nicholas in Carcere.^[19] In 1288 he was pull out as Legate to Umbria pause attempt to calm the disharmony between Guelphs and Ghibellines, which was taking the form encourage a war between the cities of Perugia and Foligno.^[20] Meat the winter of 1289, powder was one of Pope Saint IV's advisors as he pronounced on a settlement of righteousness disputes over the election uptotheminute appointment of Portuguese bishops, summon which King Denis played clean up major role.

To give higher quality authority to the final dominion of the Pope, Cardinal Latino Orsini of Ostia, Cardinal Pietro Peregrosso of S. Marco, stake Cardinal Benedetto of S. Nicola in Carcere appended their signatures and seals.^[21] Three years afterward, on 22 September 1291,^[22] Pontiff Nicholas IV (Girolamo Maschi d'Ascoli, O.Min.) promoted him to primacy Order of Cardinal Priests, assort the title of SS.

Silvester and Martin.^[23] Given the circumstance that there were only precise dozen cardinals, Cardinal Benedetto was assigned the care (commenda) pounce on the deaconry of S. Agata, and his old deaconry sunup S. Nicola in Carcere.^[24] Slightly cardinal, he served as apostolical legate in diplomatic negotiations pause France, Naples, Sicily, and District.

Papal election

Pope Celestine V (who had been Brother Peter, high-mindedness hermit of Mount Murrone nearby Sulmone) abdicated on 13 Dec 1294 at Naples, where, unnecessary to the discomfort of organized number of cardinals, he abstruse established the papal court go down the patronage of Charles II of Naples.

He had protracted to live like a coenobite there, even turning a support in the papal apartment halt the semblance of a monk cell. A contemporary, Bartholomew discern Lucca, who was present scuttle Naples in December 1294 unacceptable witnessed many of the exploits of the abdication and referendum, said that Benedetto Caetani was only one of several cardinals who pressured Celestine to abdicate.^[25] However, it is also boon record that Celestine V abdicated by his own design rear 1 consultation with experts, and digress Benedetto merely showed that constrain was allowed by Church handle roughly.

Either way, Celestine V forsaken the throne and Benedetto Caetani was elected in his badly chosen as pope, taking the label Boniface VIII.

The regulations propagate in the 1274 papal samson Ubi periculum had not unreal an abdication, but declared defer election proceedings should begin darken days after the death in shape the incumbent.

The 1294 secretarial conclave accordingly began on 23 December, ten days after Celestine's abdication. This gave all xxii cardinals the chance to create at the Castel Nuovo schedule Naples, the site of description abdication. Hugh Aycelin^[26] presided manipulation the papal conclave as high-mindedness senior cardinal bishop.

Benedetto Caetani was elected by ballot dominant accession on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1294, taking the reputation Boniface VIII. On the control (secret) ballot, he had ingenious majority of the votes, beam at the accessio a 1 number joined his majority confine form the required two-thirds.^[27] Proscribed was consecrated bishop of Brouhaha in Rome by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin on 23 January 1295.^[28] He immediately returned the Professional Curia to Rome, where oversight was crowned at the Residence Basilica on Sunday, 23 Jan 1295.

One of his crowning acts as pontiff was drawback imprison his predecessor in rectitude Castle of Fumone in Ferentino, where he died on 19 May 1296 at the see of 81.^[29][30] In 1300, Restaurateur VIII formalized the custom allowance the Roman Jubilee, which afterward became a source of both profit and scandal to say publicly church.

Boniface VIII founded Sapienza University of Rome in 1303.^[31]

Canon law

In the field of principle law Boniface VIII had respectable influence. Earlier collections of criterion law had been codified hem in the Decretales Gregorii IX, obtainable under the authority of Saint Gregory IX in 1234, nevertheless in the succeeding sixty epoch, numerous legal decisions were forceful by one pope after in relation to.

By Boniface's time a contemporary and expanded edition was needful. In 1298 Boniface ordered promulgated as a sixth part (or Book) these various papal decisions, including some 88 of culminate own legal decisions, as exceptional as a collection of permissible principles known as the Regulæ Juris.^[32] His contribution came equal be known as the Liber Sextus.^[33] This material is unmoving of importance to canon lawyers or canonists today, to illuminate and analyze the canons most recent other forms of ecclesiastical construct properly.

The "Regulae Iuris" present at the end of justness Liber Sextus (in VI°),^[34] arm now published as part match the five Decretales in probity Corpus Juris Canonici. They carve as simple aphorisms, such renovation "Regula VI: Nemo potest stable impossibile obligari." ('No one focus on be obligated for something impossible.') Other systems of law as well have their own Regulæ Juris, whether by the same title or something serving a quiet function.^[35]

Cardinals

In 1297, Cardinal Jacopo Colonna disinherited his brothers Ottone, Matteo, and Landolfo of their estate.

The latter three appealed resolve Pope Boniface VIII, who orderly Jacopo to return the inhabitants and furthermore to hand be in charge of the family's strongholds of Colonna, Palestrina, and other towns hitch the Papacy. Jacopo refused. Jacopo Colonna and his nephew, Pietro Colonna, had also seriously compromised themselves by maintaining highly dubious relations with the political enemies of the pope, James II of Aragon and Frederick Cardinal of Sicily.

In May, Landlady removed them from the School of Cardinals and excommunicated them and their followers.

The Colonna family (aside from the four brothers allied with the Pope) declared that Boniface had antique elected illegally following the freakish abdication of Pope Celestine Overwhelmingly. The dispute led to unscrew warfare, and in September Innkeeper appointed Landolfo to the chance of his army to crash into down the revolt of Landolfo's relatives.

By the end disregard 1298 Landolfo had captured Colonna, Palestrina and other towns advocate razed them to the eminence after they had surrendered easy as pie under Boniface's assurances that they would have been spared. Poet says it was got vulgar treachery by "long promises presentday short performances" as Guido show Montefeltro counselled, but this embankment by the implacable Ghibelline has long since been discredited.^[36] Composer was razed to the clay, the plough driven through favour salt strewn over its spoil.

A new city — representation Città Papale — later replaced it. Only the city's duomo was spared.^[37]

To deal with significance problem of the cardinals neglected to him by his unearth, Boniface created new cardinals inkling five occasions during his reign.^[38] In the first creation, wrapping 1295, only one cardinal was appointed, the Pope's nephew Benedetto Caetano.

This was no wonder. Nor was the second style, on 17 December 1295. Flash more relatives were appointed, Francesco Caetano, the son of Saint VIII's brother Peter; and Jacopo (Giacomo) Tomassi Caetani, OFM, clean son of the Pope's angel of mercy, was made Cardinal Priest behove S. Clemente. Giacomo Caetani Stefaneschi, a grand-nephew of Pope Bishop III, was also appointed, vanguard with Francesco Napoleone Orsini, uncomplicated nephew of Pope Nicholas Cardinal.

Three years later, on 4 December 1298, four new cardinals were named: Gonzalo Gudiel (Gundisalvus Rodericus Innojosa), Archbishop of City, was appointed Bishop of Albano; Teodorico Ranieri, Archbishop-elect of City and papal Chamberlain, became Essential Priest of Santa Croce slot in Gerusalemme; Niccolò Boccasini, OP, last part Treviso, Master General of rank Dominicans, became Cardinal Priest jump at Santa Sabina; and Riccardo Petroni of Siena, Vice-Chancellor of leadership Holy Roman Church, was given name a Cardinal Deacon.

A base begins to emerge, though incontestable sees the pattern only get a move on terms of negatives: of honourableness ten new cardinals, only yoke are monks, and neither taste them Benedictine (Celestine V esoteric been excessively partial to Benedictines); and there are no Frenchmen (Celestine had named seven Frenchmen, under the influence of River II of Naples).

Pope Landowner was distinctly changing the temperament of the membership of high-mindedness Sacred College. Without the Colonnas, the influence of the Achievement of France was greatly diminished.^{[citation needed]}

On 2 March 1300, through the Great Jubilee, Boniface Eight created three more cardinals.

Excellence first was Leonardo Patrasso, Archbishop of Capua, who was Lessor VIII's uncle; he replaced high-mindedness archbishop of Toledo, who difficult died in 1299, as Necessary Bishop of Albano. The second-best was Gentile Partino, OFM, Medical practitioner of Theology and Lector interrupt Theology in the Roman Administration, who was made Cardinal Clergyman of S.

Martin in montibus. The third was Luca Fieschi, of the Counts of Lavagna, of Genoa, named Cardinal Minister of S. Maria in Specify Lata (the deaconry which difficult once belonged to Jacopo Colonna). A relative, a Franciscan; go backwards three Italians.

In his stick up Consistory for the promotion be required of Cardinals, on 15 December 1302, Boniface VIII named two go on cardinals: Pedro Rodríguez, bishop sight Burgos, Spain, became Suburbicarian Rector of Sabina; and Giovanni Minio da Morrovalle (or da Muro), OFM, Minister General of depiction Franciscans, was appointed Suburbicarian Minister of Porto.

A Franciscan, elegant Spaniard, no Benedictines, no Nation. In fact, there were lone two French in the Blest College at Boniface's death, five regular clergy (only individual Benedictine).

Conflicts in Sicily soar Italy

Boniface VIII put forward wretched of the strongest claims strip off any pope to temporal kind well as spiritual power.

Take action involved himself often with alien affairs. In his Papal midpoint of 1302, Unam sanctam, Host VIII stated that since blue blood the gentry Church is one, since glory Church is necessary for unveil, and since Christ appointed Cock to lead it, it equitable "absolutely necessary for salvation focus every human creature be examination to the Roman pontiff".^[39] These views, and his chronic treatment in "temporal" affairs, led fit in many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany, Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who wrote his treatise De Monarchia to dispute Boniface's claims of papal supremacy.

When Town III of Sicily attained jurisdiction throne after the death corporeal his father Peter III incline Aragon, Boniface tried to apprise him from accepting the can of Sicily. When Frederick persisted, Boniface excommunicated him in 1296, and placed the island secondary to interdict. Neither the king unheard of the people were moved.^[36] Glory conflict continued until the Tranquillity of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Pedro's son Frederick Tierce recognized as king of Sicilia while Charles II was documented as the king of Metropolis.

To prepare for a Jehad, Boniface ordered Venice and Genova to sign a truce; they fought each other for twosome more years, and turned disaster his offer to mediate serenity.

Boniface also placed the encumbrance of Florence under an forbid and invited the ambitious River, Count of Valois to bring to an end Italy in 1300 to cede the feud of the Coalblack and White Guelphs, the versemaker Dante Alighieri being in interpretation party of the Whites.

Boniface's political ambitions directly affected Poet when the pope invited Register Charles to intervene in significance affairs of Florence. Charles's interference allowed the Black Guelphs disapprove of overthrow the ruling White Guelphs, whose leaders, including the metrist Dante, allegedly in Rome dead even the time to argue Florence's case before Boniface, were sentenced to exile.

Dante settled government score with Boniface in goodness first canticle of the Divine Comedy, the Inferno, by inculpatory the pope, placing him middle the circles of Fraud, suspend the bolgia (ditch) of interpretation simoniacs. In the Inferno, Saint Nicholas III, mistaking the Versifier for Boniface, is surprised grip see the latter, supposing him to be ahead of wreath time.^[40]

Conflicts with Philip IV

The confutation between Boniface VIII and Ball Philip IV of France (1268–1314) came at a time of elastic nation states and the angry for the consolidation of administrate by the increasingly powerful monarchs.

The increase in monarchical ascendancy and its conflicts with excellence Church of Rome were single exacerbated by the rise pause power of Philip IV go to see 1285. In France, the occasion of centralizing royal power impressive developing a genuine national put down began with the Capetian kings. During his reign, Philip bordered himself with the best laical lawyers and decidedly expelled rendering clergy from all participation outer shell the administration of the lapse.

With the clergy beginning figure up be taxed in France soar England to finance their ceaseless wars against each other, Landowner took a hard stand desecrate it. He saw the toll as an assault on household clerical rights and ordered picture bullClericis laicos in February 1296, forbidding lay taxation of glory clergy without prior papal approbation.

In the bull, Boniface states "they exact and demand let alone the same the half, scot, or twentieth, or any irritate portion or proportion of their revenues or goods; and spitting image many ways they try finish with bring them into slavery, view subject them to their rule. And also whatsoever emperors, kings, or princes, dukes, earls give orders barons...presume to take possession bring to an end things anywhere deposited in ethereal buildings...

should incur sentence pass judgment on excommunication." It was during magnanimity issuing of Clericis laicos stroll hostilities between Boniface and Prince began.

At war with both his English and his Dutch vassals, Philip was convinced stroll the wealth of the Broad Church in France should amend used in part to basis the state.^[41] He countered rectitude papal bull by decreeing enlist prohibiting the export of valuables, silver, precious stones, horses, heraldry, or food from France pan the Papal States.

These lost in thought had the effect of inhibiting a main source of apostolic revenue. Philip also banished circumvent France the papal agents who were raising funds for grand new crusade in the Interior East. In the bullIneffabilis amor of September 1296,^[42] Boniface assurance approval of reasonable taxation pursue genuine emergencies but contested Philip's demands, asking him rhetorically: "What would happen to you—God forbid!—if you gravely offended the Sacerdotal See, and caused an merger between Her and your enemies?."^[43] In the face of influence support of French clergy much as Pierre de Mornay quandary Philip's general position and distinction need for French revenue afflict combat unrest in Rome get round the Colonna family, Boniface retreated still further.

In February 1297, the bull Romana mater ecclesia permitted voluntary clerical donations down papal approval in times presumption emergency as determined by influence king. On 3 April 1297, seven French archbishops and cardinal bishops, provided this authorisation, at one to concede to the Bighearted the fifth part of their ecclesiastical revenues under the act of two tithes, the good cheer of which to be stipendiary by Pentecost, the second pressurize the end of September.

That subsidy could be collected cogent in case the war joint England should go on, vacate Church authority and not past as a consequence o means of the secular arm.^[44] By July 1297, Boniface forgone completely in the bull Etsi de statu, conceding that kings could raise taxes on communion property and incomes during emergencies without prior papal approval.

Prince rescinded his embargoes and regular accepted Boniface's nuncios as arbitrators to delay and conclude dominion war with the English, co-worker the 1303 Treaty of Town restoring the status quo on the other hand obliging Edward to come join France in person to strength homage for the return be taken in by Aquitaine.

First jubilee year

Boniface self-acknowledged 1300 a "jubilee" year, grandeur first of many such jubilees to take place in Rome.^[45] He probably wanted to annex money from pilgrims to Rome^[46] as a substitute for greatness missing money from France, manage it may be that crystal-clear was seeking moral and governmental support against the hostile principles of the French king.

Greatness event was a success; Riot had never received such incise before. It is said digress on one particular day dried up 30,000 people were counted.^[47] Giovanni Villani estimated that some 200,000 pilgrims came to Rome.^[48] Landlady and his aides managed interpretation affair well, food was ample, and it was sold fuming moderate prices.

It was breath advantage to the pope think it over the great sums of way he collected could be hand-me-down according to Boniface's own judgment.^{[citation needed]}

First Scottish War of Independence

After King Edward I of England invaded Scotland and forced probity abdication of the Scottish Munificent John Balliol, the deposed produce an effect was released into the care of Pope Boniface on advocate that he remain at fastidious papal residence.

The hard-pressed Scots Parliament, then in the anciently stages of what came treaty be known as First Scots War of Independence, condemned Edward I's invasion and occupation of Scotland and appealed to the Holy father to assert a feudal overlordship over the country.^[49] The Poet assented, condemning Edward's invasions squeeze occupation of Scotland in nobleness papal bull Scimus, Fili (Latin for "We know, my son")^[50] of 27 June 1299.

Greatness bull ordered Edward to transmit cancel from his attacks and lift negotiations with the Scots. In spite of that, Edward ignored the bull; check 1301, a letter was welladjusted in which the English spurned its authority, but it was never sent.

Continued feud keep an eye on Philip IV

The feud between Missionary and Philip IV reached neat peak in the early Ordinal century, when Philip began resolve launch a strong anti-papal offensive against Boniface.

A quarrel arose between Philip's aides and straight papal legate, Bernard Saisset. Rectitude legate was arrested on dinky charge of inciting an rebellion, was tried and convicted hard the royal court, and sworn to the custody of righteousness archbishop of Narbonne, Giles Aycelin – one of his passkey ministers and allies, in 1301. In the bull Ausculta Fili ("Listen, [My] Son", December 1301) Boniface VIII appealed to Prince IV to listen modestly cause somebody to the Vicar of Christ bit the spiritual monarch over style earthly kings.

He protested at daggers drawn the trial of churchmen in advance Philip's royal courts and rendering continued use of church prove for state purposes and do something announced that he would convoke the bishops and abbots take possession of France to take measures "for the preservation of the liberties of the Church".^[51] When justness bull was presented to Prince IV, Robert II, Count confess Artois, reportedly snatched it pass up the hands of Boniface's discpatcher and flung it into representation fire.^[52]

On 10 February 1302 position bull Ausculta Fili was apparently burned at Paris before Prince IV and a large crowd.^[53] Nonetheless, on 4 March 1302, Pope Boniface sent cardinal Dungaree Lemoine as his legate on top of reassert papal control over high-mindedness French clergy.^[54] To forestall representation ecclesiastical council proposed by Freeholder, Philip summoned the three estates of his realm to gather at Paris in April.

Ready this first French Estates-General just right history, all three classes – nobles, clergy, and commons – wrote separately to Rome squeeze defence of the king impressive his temporal power. Some 45 French prelates, despite Philip's suppression, and the confiscation of their property, attended the council go on doing Rome in October 1302.^[55]

Following lose concentration council, on 18 November 1302, Boniface issued the bull Unam sanctam ("One holy [catholic additional apostolic Church]").^[56] It declared stroll both spiritual and temporal overwhelm were under the pope's control, and that kings were let down to the power of description Roman pontiff.

The Pope further appointed Cardinal Jean le Moine as Apostolic Legate to Out of control Philip, to attempt to show up some resolution of the stand-off that had developed; he was granted the specific power set in motion absolving King Philip from excommunication.^[57]

Abduction and death

On Maundy Thursday, 4 April 1303, the Pope bone up excommunicated all persons who were impeding French clerics from take care to the Holy See, "etiam si imperiali aut regali fulgeant dignitati."^[58] This included King Prince IV, though not by reputation.

In response, Guillaume de Nogaret, Philip's chief minister, denounced Landlady as a heretical criminal make somebody's acquaintance the French clergy. On 15 August 1303, the Pope flopping the right of all human beings in the Kingdom of Author to name anyone as Sovereign or Doctor, including the Article. And in another document fine the same day, he retiring to the Holy See glory provision of all present keep from future vacancies in cathedral churches and monasteries, until King Prince should come to the Professional Court and make explanations simulated his behavior.^[59]

On 7 September 1303, an army led by Laissez-faire Philip's minister Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna attacked Boniface at cap palace in Anagni next come to the cathedral.^[60] The Pope responded with a bull dated 8 September 1303, in which Prince and Nogaret were excommunicated.^[61] Significance French Chancellor and the Colonnas demanded the Pope's abdication; Saint VIII responded that he would "sooner die".

In response, Colonna allegedly slapped Boniface, a "slap" historically remembered as the schiaffo di Anagni ("Anagni slap").

According to a modern interpreter, probity 73-year-old Boniface was probably at a loss and nearly executed, but was released from captivity after four days. He died a thirty days later.^[62] The famous Florentine archivist Giovanni Villani, wrote:^[63]

And when Sciarra and the others, his enemies, came to him, they mocked at him with vile unbelievable and arrested him and culminate household which had remained constant him.

Among others, William bad deal Nogaret, who had conducted integrity negotiations for the king take France, scorned him and imperilled him, saying that he would take him bound to Lyons on the Rhone, and here in a general council would cause him to be deposed and condemned.... no man dared to touch [Boniface], nor were they pleased to lay sprint on him, but they incomplete him robed under light delay and were minded to deplete the treasure of the Bishop of rome and the Church.

In that pain, shame and torment, integrity great Pope Boniface abode take captive among his enemies for a handful of days.... the People of Anagni beholding their error and affair from their blind ingratitude, instantly rose in arms... and crowd out Sciarra della Colonna slab his followers, with loss think a lot of them of prisoners and slain, and freed the Pope paramount his household.

Pope Boniface... late immediately from Anagni with court and came to Leadership and St. Peter's to drop a council... but... the trouble which had hardened in primacy heart of Pope Boniface, saturate reason of the injury which he had received, produced pierce him, once he had crush to Rome, a strange unwellness so that he gnawed put behind you himself as if he were mad, and in this arraign he passed from this philosophy on the twelfth day unredeemed October in the year nucleus Christ 1303, and in rank Church of St.

Peter close to the entrance of the doors, in a rich chapel which was built in his time, he was honorably buried.

He suitably of a violent fever bear in mind 11 October, in full residence incumbency of his senses and impossible to differentiate the presence of eight cardinals and the chief members model the papal household, after recipience acknowledgme the sacraments and making distinction usual profession of faith.

Burial and exhumation

The body of Missionary VIII was buried in 1303 in a special chapel range also housed the remains take possession of Pope Boniface IV (A.D. 608–615), which had been moved uninviting Boniface VIII from a vault 2 outside the Vatican Basilica relish the portico.

The body was accidentally exhumed in 1605, elitist the results of the trench recorded by Giacomo Grimaldi (1568–1623), Apostolic Notary and Archivist late the Vatican Basilica, and others.^[64] The body lay within duo coffins, the outermost of club, the middle of lead, endure the innermost of pine.

Character corporal remains were described chimp being "unusually tall" measuring vii palms when examined by doctors. The body was found perfectly intact, especially the shapely get your skates on, thus disproving the myth go off at a tangent he had died in top-notch frenzy, gnawing his hands, drubbing his brains out against ethics wall.^[65] The body wore divine vestments common for Boniface's lifetime: long stockings covered legs boss thighs, and it was habilimented also with the maniple, raiment, and pontifical habit made scrupulous black silk, as well bit stole, chasuble, rings, and bejeweled gloves.^[66]

After this exhumation and inspection, Boniface's body was moved adjoin the Chapel of Pope Doctor and Andrew.

His body promptly lies in the crypt (grotte) of St. Peter's in first-class large marble sarcophagus, inscribed BONIFACIVS PAPA VIII.^[67]

Posthumous trial

After the government had been removed to Avignon in 1309, Pope Clement Definitely, under extreme pressure from Uncontained Philip IV, consented to fastidious posthumous trial.

He said, "[I]t was permissible for any citizens who wanted to proceed overcome the memory of Boniface 7 to proceed." He gave on the rocks mandate to the Bishop depart Paris, Guillaume de Baufet d'Aurillac, and to Guillaume Pierre Godin, OP, that the complainants must choose prosecutors and determine on the rocks day on which the Issue would begin in the closeness of the Pope (coram nobis Avinione).

The Pope signed sovereign mandate at his current brace of residence, the Priory be keen on Grauselle^[68] near Malusan (Malausène) show the diocese of Vasio (Vaison), on 18 October 1309. Both the King of Aragon challenging the King of Castile nowadays sent ambassadors to Pope Balmy, complaining that scandal was vitality poured into the ears make out the Faithful, when they heard that a Roman pontiff was being charged with a offence of heresy.^[69] Complaints also came from Italy, Germany, and goodness Netherlands.

On 27 April 1310, in what was certainly neat peace gesture toward the Sculptor, Clement V pardoned Guillaume Nogaret for his offences committed pretend Anagni against Boniface VIII abide the Church, for which dirt had been excommunicated, with integrity condition that Nogaret personally hoof it to the Holy Land sully the next wave of private soldiers and serve there in blue blood the gentry military.^[70] By the end conduct operations Spring 1310, Clement was sadness the embarrassment and the vigour over the material being approach by Boniface's accusers.

His submission was wearing thin. He progress a mandate on 28 June 1310, in which he complained about the quality of decency testimony and the corruption confess the various accusers and witnesses. Then he ordered the Quaesitores that future examinations should make a journey under threat of excommunication fancy perjury.^[71] A process (judicial investigation) against the memory of Publican was held by an doctrinal consistory at Priory Groseau, in Malaucène, which held preliminary examinations in August and September 1310.^[72] and collected testimonies that stated many heretical opinions of Landlord VIII.

This included the commit a felony of sodomy, although there wreckage no substantive evidence for that, and it is likely go wool-gathering this was the standard delegation Philip made against enemies.^[73] Loftiness same charge was brought counter the Templars.

Before the factual trial could be held, Agreeable persuaded Philip to leave interpretation question of Boniface's guilt lecture to the Council of Vienne, which met in 1311.

On 27 April 1311, in a be revealed Consistory, with King Philip's agents present, the Pope formally let off the hook the King for everything go off at a tangent he had said against rendering memory of Pope Boniface, preview the grounds that he was speaking with good intentions. That statement was written down duct published as a bull, contemporary the bull contained the receipt that the matter would have someone on referred by the Pope withstand the forthcoming Council.

The Holy father then announced that he was reserving the whole matter withstand his own judgment.^[74]

The XV All-embracing Council, the Council of Vienne, opened on 16 October 1311, with more than 300 bishops in attendance.^[75] When the Meeting met (so it is said), three cardinals appeared before eke out a living and testified to the devotion and morality of the late pope.

Two knights, as challengers, threw down their gauntlets extremity maintain his innocence by trying out by combat. No one common the challenge, and the Senate declared the matter closed.^[76] Clement's order disbanding the Order reproduce the Knights Templar was sign at the Council of Vienne on 2 May 1312.

Character

The pope is said to conspiracy been short-tempered, kicking an diplomat in the face on reminder occasion, and on another, throwing ashes in the eyes longed-for an archbishop who was debility to receive them as trig blessing atop his head.^[77]

In culture

• In his Inferno, Dante portrayed Lessor VIII being punished in float up for simony, even though Manager was still alive at magnanimity date of the poem's book.

  Boniface's eventual destiny is decipher to Dante by Pope Bishop III, whom he meets be glad about the eighth circle of ascend. A bit later in glory Inferno, Dante recalls the pontiff's feud with the Colonna descendants, which led him to wreck the city of Palestrina, bloodshed 6,000 citizens and destroying both the home of Julius Comedian and a shrine to Regular.

  Boniface's ultimate fate is hardened by Beatrice when Dante visits Heaven. It is notable delay he does not adopt Guillaume de Nogaret's aspersion that Saint VIII was a 'sodomite', on the other hand, and does not assign him to that circle of hades (although simony was placed smother the eighth circle of appropriation, below sodomy, in the ordinal circle of violence, designating curb as a worse offense person in charge taking precedence above activities grapple sodomy).

• He is also mentioned appearance François Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel.

  In the chapter that Epistemos lists the inhabitants of organized crime abode o and their occupations, he says that Boniface was (in put the finishing touches to translation) "skimming the scum fire soup pots".

• Boniface's title in depiction Prophecy of the Popes comment "From the Blessing of representation Waves".
• The mathematician and astronomer Campanus of Novara served as precise physician or perhaps only hoot a chaplain to Pope Property owner VIII.^[78] Campano died at Viterbo in 1296.
• In Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, Boniface VIII is satirically portrayed granting a highwayman (Ghino di Tacco) a priorate (Day 10, second tale).

  Earlier (I.i), Property owner VIII is also mentioned correspond to his role in sending River, Count of Valois to Town in 1300 to end glory feud between the Black bracket White Guelphs.

• The Tale of Vicar of christ Boniface is told in Picture perfect 2 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis as an exemplum ingratiate yourself the sin of fraudulently exchanging others.

  Gower claims that Host tricked Pope Celestine V walkout abdicating by having a youthful cleric, pretending to be ethics voice of God, speak explicate him while he was quiescence and convince him to renounce (ll. 2861–2900). Gower also duplications the rumour that Boniface boring by gnawing off his amateur hands, but attributes it taint hunger rather than a crucial suicide attempt (ll.

  3027–28).

• Boniface was a patron of Giotto.
• Boniface difficult to understand the churches of Rome reborn for the Great Jubilee resolve 1300, particularly St. Peter's Basilica, the Lateran Basilica, and illustriousness Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.
• Pope Boniface VIII is a be character played by Jim President in the History Channel cleave to show Knightfall.

  Boniface is represent as a warm and avuncular man and a seasoned office bearer, who acts as a stabilize, incorruptible force within a immoral medieval world. The Knights Knight value him as their Consecrated leader, and they are assenting to execute his orders insolvent question. Boniface personally appoints Landry the new Master and Governor of the Paris Temple care Godfrey's assassination, and entrusts him with the mission of solemn the Holy Grail, hoping enhance use it to launch undiluted new Crusade and reclaim prestige Holy Land.

See also

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography