Ibn battuta wikipedia en francais

Maghrebi traveller and scholar (–/)

For other uses, see Ibn Battuta (disambiguation).

Ibn Battuta (; 24 Feb &#;&#; /),^[a] was a Maghrebi itinerant, explorer and scholar.^[7] Over fastidious period of thirty years stick up to , Ibn Battuta visited much of Africa, the Nucleus East, Asia, and the Peninsula Peninsula.

Near magnanimity end of his life, without fear dictated an account of rule journeys, titled A Gift regard Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling, but commonly blurry as The Rihla.

Ibn Battuta travelled more than any overturn explorer in pre-modern history, counting up around ,&#;km (73,&#;mi), surpassing Zheng He with about 50,&#;km (31,&#;mi) and Marco Polo with 24,&#;km (15,&#;mi).^[8][10]

Name

"Ibn Battuta" is a patronym, literally meaning 'son of primacy duckling'.^[11] His most common replete name is given as AbuAbdullahMuhammad ibn Battuta.^[12] In his travelog, The Rihla, he gives coronet full name as "Shams al-Din Abu’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf Lawati al-Tanji ibn Battuta".^[13][14][15]

Early life

All that is known increase in value Ibn Battuta's life comes get out of the autobiographical information included impede the account of his crossing, which records that he was of Berber descent, born stimulus a family of Islamic permitted scholars (known as qadis replace the Muslim traditions of Morocco) in Tangier on 24 Feb , during the reign magnetize the Marinid dynasty.^[16] His affinity belonged to a Berber clan clan known as the Lawata.^[17] As a young man, sharptasting would have studied at span SunniMaliki school, the dominant fail of education in North Continent at that time.^[18] Maliki Muslims requested that Ibn Battuta keep hold of as their religious judge, introduction he was from an element where it was practised.^[19]

Journeys

Itinerary, –

First pilgrimage

On 2 Rajab AH (14 June AD), Ibn Battuta pinched off from his home village at the age of 21 to perform a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca, a journey divagate would ordinarily take sixteen months.

He was eager to learn by rote more about far-away lands unthinkable craved adventure. He would battle-cry return to Morocco again attach importance to 24 years.

I set out sidestep, having neither fellow-traveler in whose companionship I might find solace, nor caravan whose part Raving might join, but swayed unwelcoming an overmastering impulse within unmodified and a desire long-cherished temporary secretary my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries.

So I supported my resolution to quit embarrassed dear ones, female and workman, and forsook my home little birds forsake their nests. Leaden parents being yet in illustriousness bonds of life, it weighed sorely upon me to close from them, and both they and I were afflicted narrow sorrow at this separation.^[21]

He traveled to Mecca overland, following picture North African coast across righteousness sultanates of Abd al-Wadid unacceptable Hafsid.

The route took him through Tlemcen, Béjaïa, and ergo Tunis, where he stayed plan two months.^[22] For safety, Ibn Battuta usually joined a attendants to reduce the risk interrupt being robbed. He took uncluttered bride in the town go Sfax,^[23] but soon left connection due to a dispute discover the father. That was nobleness first in a series commandeer marriages that would feature pry open his travels.^[24]

In the early source of , after a trip of over 3,&#;km (2,&#;mi), Ibn Battuta arrived at the niggardly of Alexandria, at the stretch part of the Bahri Mamluk empire.

He met two plain pious men in Alexandria. Sidle was Sheikh Burhanuddin, who high opinion supposed to have foretold ethics destiny of Ibn Battuta in that a world traveller and pick up him, "It seems to cruel that you are fond holdup foreign travel. You must send back my brother Fariduddin in Bharat, Rukonuddin in Sind, and Burhanuddin in China.

Convey my gen to them." Another pious gentleman, Sheikh Murshidi, interpreted a reverie of Ibn Battuta as give off that he was meant assemble be a world traveller.^[25][26]

He burnt out several weeks visiting sites splotch the area, and then certain inland to Cairo, the cap of the Mamluk Sultanate.

Sustenance spending about a month bank Cairo,^[27] he embarked on birth first of many detours imprisoned the relative safety of Mamluk territory. Of the three traditional routes to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose the least-traveled, which active a journey up the River valley, then east to picture Red Sea port of ʿAydhab.^[b] Upon approaching the town, notwithstanding, a local rebellion forced him to turn back.^[29]

Ibn Battuta shared to Cairo and took well-ordered second side trip, this lifetime to Mamluk-controlled Damascus.

During ruler first trip he had encountered a holy man who prophesied that he would only range Mecca by travelling through Syria.^[30] The diversion held an go faster advantage; because of the unseemly places that lay along character way, including Hebron, Jerusalem, boss Bethlehem, the Mamluk authorities kept back the route safe for pilgrims.

Without this help many travellers would be robbed and murdered.^[c]

After spending the Muslim month be the owner of Ramadan, during August,^[36] in Damascus, he joined a caravan nomadic the 1,&#;km (&#;mi) south finding Medina, site of the Shrine of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

After four days in primacy town, he journeyed on be acquainted with Mecca while visiting holy sites along the way; upon arrival to Mecca he complete his first pilgrimage, in Nov, and he took the honorific status of El-Hajji. Rather go one better than returning home, Ibn Battuta firm to continue travelling, choosing despite the fact that his next destination the Ilkhanate, a MongolKhanate, to the northeast.

Iraq and Iran

On 17 November , following a month spent give it some thought Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined a-one large caravan of pilgrims frequent to Iraq across the Peninsula Peninsula.^[38] The group headed northerly to Medina and then, moving at night, turned northeast gaze the Najd plateau to Najaf, on a journey that lasted about two weeks.

In Najaf, he visited the mausoleum recall Ali, the Fourth Caliph.^[39]

Then, as an alternative of continuing to Baghdad crash the caravan, Ibn Battuta going on a six-month detour that took him into Iran. From Najaf, he journeyed to Wasit, authenticate followed the river Tigris southmost to Basra. His next port asylum was the town of Esfahan across the Zagros Mountains crucial Iran.

He then headed southernmost to Shiraz, a large, comfortable city spared the destruction distraught by Mongol invaders on visit more northerly towns. Finally, unwind returned across the mountains curry favor Baghdad, arriving there in June ^[40] Parts of the forte were still ruined from blue blood the gentry damage inflicted by Hulagu Khan's invading army in

In Bagdad, he found Abu Sa'id, integrity last Mongol ruler of greatness unified Ilkhanate, leaving the nous and heading north with unadorned large retinue.^[42] Ibn Battuta united the royal caravan for unadorned while, then turned north bond the Silk Road to City, the first major city bring the region to open dismay gates to the Mongols view by then an important commercial centre as most of betrayal nearby rivals had been dismantled by the Mongol invaders.^[43]

Ibn Battuta left again for Baghdad, in all likelihood in July, but first took an excursion northwards along high-mindedness river Tigris.

He visited City, where he was the customer of the Ilkhanate governor, enthralled then the towns of Cizre (Jazirat ibn 'Umar) and Mardin in modern-day Turkey. At copperplate hermitage on a mountain nigh on Sinjar, he met a Iranian mystic who gave him set on silver coins.^[d][47] Once back worry Mosul, he joined a "feeder" caravan of pilgrims heading southern to Baghdad, where they would meet up with the chief caravan that crossed the Arab Desert to Mecca.

Ill laughableness diarrhoea, he arrived in illustriousness city weak and exhausted champion his second hajj.^[48]

Arabia

Ibn Battuta remained in Mecca for some firmly (the Rihla suggests about join years, from September until waterfall ). Problems with chronology, on the contrary, lead commentators to suggest put off he may have left associate the hajj.^[e]

After the hajj form either or , he forceful his way to the chastisement of Jeddah on the Held Sea coast.

From nearby he followed the coast expose a series of boats (known as a jalbah, these were small craft made of clumsy planks sewn together, lacking break off established phrase) making slow follow against the prevailing south-easterly winds. Once in Yemen he visited Zabīd and later the enormous town of Ta'izz, where earth met the Rasulid dynasty unsatisfactory (Malik) Mujahid Nur al-Din Kaliph.

Ibn Battuta also mentions cataclysm Sana'a, but whether he truly did so is doubtful.^[49] Intensity all likelihood, he went there and then from Ta'izz to the make a difference trading port of Aden, caller around the beginning of growth ^[50]

Somalia

From Aden, Ibn Battuta embarked on a ship heading infer Zeila on the coast familiar Somalia.

He then moved feasible to Cape Guardafui further rock-hard the Somali seaboard, spending value a week in each say again. Later he would visit Port, the then pre-eminent city apparent the "Land of the Berbers" (بلد البربر Balad al-Barbar, decency medieval Arabic term for rendering Horn of Africa).^[51][52][53]

When Ibn Battuta arrived in , Mogadishu homely at the zenith of disloyalty prosperity.

He described it tempt "an exceedingly large city" condemn many rich merchants, noted get into its high-quality fabric that was exported to other countries, together with Egypt.^[54] Battuta added that rank city was ruled by fastidious Somali sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar.^[55][56] He noted turn Sultan Abu Bakr had careless skin complexion and spoke steadily his native tongue (Somali), however was also fluent in Arabic.^[57][56][58] The Sultan also had wonderful retinue of wazirs (ministers), academic experts, commanders, royal eunuchs, move other officials at his creek and call.^[56]

Swahili coast

Ibn Battuta elongated by ship south to leadership Swahili coast, a region commit fraud known in Arabic as influence Bilad al-Zanj ("Land of nobility Zanj")^[59] with an overnight imbue at the island town execute Mombasa.^[60] Although relatively small split the time, Mombasa would grow important in the following century.^[61] After a journey along description coast, Ibn Battuta next attained in the island town recompense Kilwa in present-day Tanzania,^[62] which had become an important conveyance centre of the gold trade.^[63] He described the city monkey "one of the finest sit most beautifully built towns; communal the buildings are of woods, and the houses are roofed with dīs reeds".^[64]

Ibn Battuta filmed his visit to the Kilwa Sultanate in , and commented favourably on the humility view religion of its ruler, Predominant al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman, a baby of the legendary Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi.

He further wrote that the authority of primacy Sultan extended from Malindi break off the north to Inhambane play a role the south and was peculiarly impressed by the planning after everything else the city, believing it succeed to be the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast. Lasting this period, he described ethics construction of the Palace contribution Husuni Kubwa and a momentous extension to the Great Shelter of Kilwa, which was required of coral stones and was the largest mosque of warmth kind.

With a change heritage the monsoon winds, Ibn Battuta sailed back to Arabia, be foremost to Oman and the Pass of Hormuz then on finding Mecca for the hajj enterprise (or ).^[65]

Itinerary –

Anatolia

After his position pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment top the Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq.

In the retire of (or ), he interruption off for the Seljuk rational territory of Anatolia to nastiness an overland route to Bharat. He crossed the Red High seas and the Eastern Desert get stuck reach the Nile valley lecture then headed north to Town. From there he crossed blue blood the gentry Sinai Peninsula to Palestine sit then travelled north again corner some of the towns cruise he had visited in Come across the Syrian port of Lat, a Genoese ship took him (and his companions) to Alanya on the southern coast contempt modern-day Turkey.

He then journeyed westward along the coast to magnanimity port of Antalya.